Method for coding two-dimensional field emission structures

ABSTRACT

An improved field emission system and method is provided that involves field emission structures having electric or magnetic field sources. The magnitudes, polarities, and positions of the magnetic or electric field sources are configured to have desirable correlation properties, which may be in accordance with a code. The correlation properties correspond to a desired spatial force function where spatial forces between field emission structures correspond to relative alignment, separation distance, and the spatial force function.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Non-provisional application is a continuation of Non-provisionalapplication Ser. No. 12/358,423, filed Jan. 23, 2009, titled “A FieldEmission System and Method”, which is a continuation-in-part ofNon-provisional application Ser. No. 12/123,718, filed May 20, 2008,titled “A Field Emission System and Method”, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/123,019, filed Apr. 4, 2008,titled “A Field Emission System and Method”, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a field emission system andmethod. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system andmethod where correlated magnetic and/or electric field structures createspatial forces in accordance with the relative alignment of the fieldemission structures and a spatial force function.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Alignment characteristics of magnetic fields have been used to achieveprecision movement and positioning of objects. A key principle ofoperation of an alternating-current (AC) motor is that a permanentmagnet will rotate so as to maintain its alignment within an externalrotating magnetic field. This effect is the basis for the early ACmotors including the “Electro Magnetic Motor” for which Nikola Teslareceived U.S. Pat. No. 381,968 on May 1, 1888. On Jan. 19, 1938, MariusLavet received French Patent 823,395 for the stepper motor which hefirst used in quartz watches. Stepper motors divide a motor's fullrotation into a discrete number of steps. By controlling the timesduring which electromagnets around the motor are activated anddeactivated, a motor's position can be controlled precisely.Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile formsof positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as partof an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loopservo systems. They are used in industrial high speed pick and placeequipment and multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machines. Inthe field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precisionpositioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotationstages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. They are used in packagingmachinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid controlsystems. They are also used in many commercial products including floppydisk drives, flatbed scanners, printers, plotters and the like.

Although alignment characteristics of magnetic fields are used incertain specialized industrial environments and in a relatively limitednumber of commercial products, their use for precision alignmentpurposes is generally limited in scope. For the majority of processeswhere alignment of objects is important, e.g., residential construction,comparatively primitive alignment techniques and tools such as acarpenter's square and a level are more commonly employed. Moreover,long trusted tools and mechanisms for attaching objects together such ashammers and nails; screw drivers and screws; wrenches and nuts andbolts; and the like, when used with primitive alignment techniquesresult in far less than precise residential construction, which commonlyleads to death and injury when homes collapse, roofs are blown off instorms, etc. Generally, there is considerable amount of waste of timeand energy in most of the processes to which the average person hasgrown accustomed that are a direct result of imprecision of alignment ofassembled objects. Machined parts wear out sooner, engines are lessefficient resulting in higher pollution, buildings and bridges collapsedue to improper construction, and so on.

It has been discovered that various field emission properties can be putin use in a wide range of applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly, the present invention is an improved field emission system andmethod. The invention pertains to field emission structures comprisingelectric or magnetic field sources having magnitudes, polarities, andpositions corresponding to a desired spatial force function where aspatial force is created based upon the relative alignment of the fieldemission structures and the spatial force function. The invention hereinis sometimes referred to as correlated magnetism, correlated fieldemissions, correlated magnets, coded magnets, coded magnetism, or codedfield emissions. Structures of magnets arranged in accordance with theinvention are sometimes referred to as coded magnet structures, codedstructures, field emission structures, magnetic field emissionstructures, and coded magnetic structures. Structures of magnetsarranged conventionally (or ‘naturally’) where their interacting polesalternate are referred to herein as non-correlated magnetism,non-correlated magnets, non-coded magnetism, non-coded magnets,non-coded structures, or non-coded field emissions.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a field emissionsystem comprises a first field emission structure and a second fieldemission structure. The first and second field emission structures eachcomprise an array of field emission sources each having positions andpolarities relating to a desired spatial force function that correspondsto the relative alignment of the first and second field emissionstructures within a field domain. The positions and polarities of eachfield emission source of each array of field emission sources can bedetermined in accordance with at least one correlation function. The atleast one correlation function can be in accordance with at least onecode. The at least one code can be at least one of a pseudorandom code,a deterministic code, or a designed code. The at least one code can be aone dimensional code, a two dimensional code, a three dimensional code,or a four dimensional code.

Each field emission source of each array of field emission sources has acorresponding field emission amplitude and vector direction determinedin accordance with the desired spatial force function, where aseparation distance between the first and second field emissionstructures and the relative alignment of the first and second fieldemission structures creates a spatial force in accordance with thedesired spatial force function. The spatial force comprises at least oneof an attractive spatial force or a repellant spatial force. The spatialforce corresponds to a peak spatial force of said desired spatial forcefunction when said first and second field emission structures aresubstantially aligned such that each field emission source of said firstfield emission structure substantially aligns with a corresponding fieldemission source of said second field emission structure. The spatialforce can be used to produce energy, transfer energy, move an object,affix an object, automate a function, control a tool, make a sound, heatan environment, cool an environment, affect pressure of an environment,control flow of a fluid, control flow of a gas, and control centrifugalforces.

Under one arrangement, the spatial force is typically about an order ofmagnitude less than the peak spatial force when the first and secondfield emission structures are not substantially aligned such that fieldemission source of the first field emission structure substantiallyaligns with a corresponding field emission source of said second fieldemission structure.

A field domain corresponds to field emissions from the array of firstfield emission sources of the first field emission structure interactingwith field emissions from the array of second field emission sources ofthe second field emission structure.

The relative alignment of the first and second field emission structurescan result from a respective movement path function of at least one ofthe first and second field emission structures where the respectivemovement path function is one of a one-dimensional movement pathfunction, a two-dimensional movement path function or athree-dimensional movement path function. A respective movement pathfunction can be at least one of a linear movement path function, anon-linear movement path function, a rotational movement path function,a cylindrical movement path function, or a spherical movement pathfunction. A respective movement path function defines movement versustime for at least one of the first and second field emission structures,where the movement can be at least one of forward movement, backwardmovement, upward movement, downward movement, left movement, rightmovement, yaw, pitch, and or roll. Under one arrangement, a movementpath function would define a movement vector having a direction andamplitude that varies over time.

Each array of field emission sources can be one of a one-dimensionalarray, a two-dimensional array, or a three-dimensional array. Thepolarities of the field emission sources can be at least one ofNorth-South polarities or positive-negative polarities. At least one ofthe field emission sources comprises a magnetic field emission source oran electric field emission source. At least one of the field emissionsources can be a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, anelectro-permanent magnet, an electret, a magnetized ferromagneticmaterial, a portion of a magnetized ferromagnetic material, a softmagnetic material, or a superconductive magnetic material. At least oneof the first and second field emission structures can be at least one ofa back keeper layer, a front saturable layer, an active intermediateelement, a passive intermediate element, a lever, a latch, a swivel, aheat source, a heat sink, an inductive loop, a plating nichrome wire, anembedded wire, or a kill mechanism. At least one of the first and secondfield emission structures can be a planer structure, a conicalstructure, a cylindrical structure, a curve surface, or a steppedsurface.

In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method ofcontrolling field emissions comprises defining a desired spatial forcefunction corresponding to the relative alignment of a first fieldemission structure and a second field emission structure within a fielddomain and establishing, in accordance with the desired spatial forcefunction, a position and polarity of each field emission source of afirst array of field emission sources corresponding to the first fieldemission structure and of each field emission source of a second arrayof field emission sources corresponding to the second field emissionstructure.

In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, a fieldemission system comprises a first field emission structure comprising aplurality of first field emission sources having positions andpolarities in accordance with a first correlation function and a secondfield emission structure comprising a plurality of second field emissionsource having positions and polarities in accordance with a secondcorrelation function, the first and second correlation functionscorresponding to a desired spatial force function, the first correlationfunction complementing the second correlation function such that eachfield emission source of said plurality of first field emission sourceshas a corresponding counterpart field emission source of the pluralityof second field emission sources and the first and second field emissionstructures will substantially correlate when each of the field emissionsource counterparts are substantially aligned.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical orfunctionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of areference number identifies the drawing in which the reference numberfirst appears.

FIG. 1 depicts South and North poles and magnetic field vectors of anexemplary magnet;

FIG. 2 depicts iron filings oriented in the magnetic field produced by abar magnet;

FIG. 3 a depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities areopposite in direction resulting in a repelling spatial force;

FIG. 3 b depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities are thesame in direction resulting in an attracting spatial force;

FIG. 4 a depicts two magnets having substantial alignment;

FIG. 4 b depicts two magnets having partial alignment;

FIG. 4 c depicts different sized magnets having partial alignment;

FIG. 5 a depicts a Barker length 7 code used to determine polarities andpositions of magnets making up a magnetic field emission structure whereall of the magnets have the same field strength;

FIGS. 5 b-5 o depict exemplary alignments of complementary magneticfield structures;

FIG. 5 p provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 5 b-5o;

FIG. 6 depicts the binary autocorrelation function of a Barker length 7code;

FIG. 7 a depicts a Barker length 7 code used to determine polarities andpositions of magnets making up a first magnetic field emission structurewhere two of the magnets have different field strengths;

FIGS. 7 b-7 o depict exemplary alignments of complementary magneticfield structures;

FIG. 7 p provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 7 b-7o;

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 7 b-7 o and FIG. 7 p;

FIG. 9 a depicts exemplary code wrapping of a Barker length 7 code thatis used to determine polarities and positions of magnets making up afirst magnetic field emission structure;

FIGS. 9 b-9 o depict exemplary alignments of complementary magneticfield structures;

FIG. 9 p provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 9 b-9o;

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 9 b-9 o and FIG. 9 p;

FIG. 11 a depict a magnetic field structure that corresponds to twomodulos of the Barker length 7 code end-to-end;

FIGS. 11 b through 11 ab depict 27 different alignments of two magneticfield emission structures like that of FIG. 11 a;

FIG. 11 ac provides an alternative method of depicting exemplaryalignments of the complementary magnetic field structures of FIGS. 11b-11 ab;

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 11 b-11 ab and FIG. 11 ac;

FIG. 13 a depicts an exemplary spatial force function of magnetic fieldemission structures produced by repeating a one-dimensional code acrossa second dimension N times where movement is across the code;

FIG. 13 b depicts an exemplary spatial force function of magnetic fieldemission structures produced by repeating a one-dimensional code acrossa second dimension N times where movement maintains alignment with up toall N coded rows of the structure and down to one;

FIG. 14 a depicts a two dimensional Barker-like code and a correspondingtwo-dimensional magnetic field emission structure;

FIG. 14 b depicts exemplary spatial force functions resulting frommirror image magnetic field emission structure and −90° rotated mirrorimage magnetic field emission structure moving across a magnetic fieldemission structure;

FIG. 14 c depicts variations of a magnetic field emission structurewhere rows are reordered randomly in an attempt to affect itsdirectionality characteristics;

FIGS. 14 d and 14 e depict exemplary spatial force functions of selectedmagnetic field emission structures having randomly reordered rows movingacross mirror image magnetic field emission structures both withoutrotation and as rotated −90, respectively;

FIG. 15 depicts exemplary one-way slide lock codes and two-way slidelock codes;

FIG. 16 a depicts an exemplary hover code and corresponding magneticfield emission structures that never achieve substantial alignment;

FIG. 16 b depicts another exemplary hover code and correspondingmagnetic field emission structures that never achieve substantialalignment;

FIG. 16 c depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure where amirror image magnetic field emission structure corresponding to a 7×7barker-like code will hover anywhere above the structure provided itdoes not rotate;

FIG. 17 a depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structurecomprising nine magnets positioned such that they half overlap in onedirection;

FIG. 17 b depicts the spatial force function of the magnetic fieldemission structure of FIG. 17 a interacting with its mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure;

FIG. 18 a depicts an exemplary code intended to produce a magnetic fieldemission structure having a first stronger lock when aligned with itsmirror image magnetic field emission structure and a second weaker lockwhen rotated 90° relative to its mirror image magnetic field emissionstructure;

FIG. 18 b depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the exemplarymagnetic field emission structure of FIG. 18 a interacting with itsmirror magnetic field emission structure;

FIG. 18 c depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the exemplarymagnetic field emission structure of FIG. 18 a interacting with itsmirror magnetic field emission structure after being rotated 90°;

FIGS. 19 a-19 i depict the exemplary magnetic field emission structureof FIG. 18 a and its mirror image magnetic field emission structure andthe resulting spatial forces produced in accordance with their variousalignments as they are twisted relative to each other;

FIG. 20 a depicts exemplary magnetic field emission structures, anexemplary turning mechanism, an exemplary tool insertion slot, exemplaryalignment marks, an exemplary latch mechanism, and an exemplary axis foran exemplary pivot mechanism;

FIG. 20 b depicts exemplary magnetic field emission structures havingexemplary housings configured such that one housing can be insertedinside the other housing, exemplary alternative turning mechanism,exemplary swivel mechanism, an exemplary lever;

FIG. 20 c depicts an exemplary tool assembly including an exemplarydrill head assembly;

FIG. 20 d depicts an exemplary hole cutting tool assembly having anouter cutting portion including a magnetic field emission structure andinner cutting portion including a magnetic field emission structure;

FIG. 20 e depicts an exemplary machine press tool employing multiplelevels of magnetic field emission structures;

FIG. 20 f depicts a cross section of an exemplary gripping apparatusemploying a magnetic field emission structure involving multiple levelsof magnets;

FIG. 20 g depicts an exemplary clasp mechanism including a magneticfield emission structure slip ring mechanism;

FIG. 21 depicts exemplary magnetic field emission structures used toassemble structural members and a cover panel to produce an exemplarystructural assembly;

FIG. 22 depicts a table having beneath its surface a two-dimensionalelectromagnetic array where an exemplary movement platform havingcontact members with magnetic field emission structures can be moved byvarying the states of the individual electromagnets of theelectromagnetic array;

FIG. 23 depicts a cylinder inside another cylinder where either cylindercan be moved relative to the other cylinder by varying the state ofindividual electromagnets of an electromagnetic array associated withone cylinder relative to a magnetic field emission structure associatedwith the other cylinder;

FIG. 24 depicts a sphere inside another sphere where either sphere canbe moved relative to the other sphere by varying the state of individualelectromagnets of an electromagnetic array associated with one sphererelative to a magnetic field emission structure associated with theother sphere;

FIG. 25 depicts an exemplary cylinder having a magnetic field emissionstructure and a correlated surface where the magnetic field emissionstructure and the correlated surface provide traction and a grippingforce as the cylinder is turned;

FIG. 26 depicts an exemplary sphere having a magnetic field emissionstructure and a correlated surface where the magnetic field emissionstructure and the correlated surface provide traction and a grippingforce as the sphere is turned;

FIGS. 27 a and 27 b depict an arrangement where a magnetic fieldemission structure wraps around two cylinders such that a much largerportion of the magnetic field emission structure is in contact with acorrelated surface to provide additional traction and gripping force;

FIGS. 28 a through 28 d depict an exemplary method of manufacturingmagnetic field emission structures using a ferromagnetic material;

FIG. 29 depicts exemplary intermediate layers associated with a magneticfield emission structure;

FIGS. 30 a through 30 c provide a side view, an oblique projection, anda top view of a magnetic field emission structure having surroundingheat sink material and an exemplary embedded kill mechanism;

FIG. 31 a depicts exemplary distribution of magnetic forces over a widerarea to control the distance apart at which two magnetic field emissionstructures will engage when substantially aligned;

FIG. 31 b depicts a magnetic field emission structure made up of asparse array of large magnetic sources combined with a large number ofsmaller magnetic sources whereby alignment with a mirror magnetic fieldemission structure is provided by the large sources and a repel force isprovided by the smaller sources;

FIG. 32 depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure assemblyapparatus;

FIG. 33 depicts a turning cylinder having a repeating magnetic fieldemission structure used to affect movement of a curved surface havingthe same magnetic field emission structure coding;

FIG. 34 depicts an exemplary valve mechanism;

FIG. 35 depicts and exemplary cylinder apparatus;

FIG. 36 a depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure made upof rings about a circle;

FIG. 36 b depicts and exemplary hinge produced using alternatingmagnetic field emission structures made up of rings about a circle suchas depicted in FIG. 36 a;

FIG. 36 c depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure havingsources resembling spokes of a wheel;

FIG. 36 d depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structureresembling a rotary encoder;

FIG. 36 e depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure havingsources arranged as curved spokes;

FIG. 36 f depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure made upof hexagon-shaped sources;

FIG. 36 g depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure made upof triangular sources;

FIG. 36 h depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure made upof partially overlapped diamond-shaped sources;

FIG. 37 a depicts two magnet structures coded using a Golomb ruler code;

FIG. 37 b depicts a spatial force function corresponding to the twomagnet structures of FIG. 37 a;

FIG. 37 c depicts an exemplary Costas array;

FIGS. 38 a-38 e illustrate exemplary ring magnet structures based onlinear codes;

FIGS. 39 a-39 g depict exemplary embodiments of two dimensional codedmagnet structures;

FIGS. 40 a and 40 b depict the use of multiple magnetic structures toenable attachment and detachment of two objects using another objectfunctioning as a key;

FIGS. 40 c and 40 d depict the general concept of using a tab so as tolimit the movement of the dual coded attachment mechanism between twotravel limiters;

FIG. 40 e depicts exemplary assembly of the dual coded attachmentmechanism of FIGS. 40 c and 40 d;

FIGS. 41 a-41 d depict manufacturing of a dual coded attachmentmechanism using a ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagneticmaterial;

FIGS. 42 a and 42 b depict two views of an exemplary sealable containerin accordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 42 c and 42 d depict an alternative sealable container inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 42 e is intended to depict an alternative arrangement forcomplementary sloping faces;

FIGS. 42 f-42 h depict additional alternative shapes that could marry upwith a complementary shape to form a compressive seal;

FIG. 42 i depicts an alternative arrangement for a sealable containerwhere a gasket is used;

FIGS. 43 a-43 e depict five states of an electro-permanent magnetapparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 44 a depicts an alternative electro-permanent magnet apparatus inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 44 b depicts a permanent magnetic material having seven embeddedcoils arranged linearly;

FIGS. 45 a-45 e depict exemplary use of helically coded magnetic fieldstructures;

FIGS. 46 a-46 h depict exemplary male and female connector components;

FIGS. 47 a-47 c depict exemplary multi-level coding;

FIG. 48 a depicts an exemplary use of biasing magnet sources to affectspatial forces of magnetic field structures;

FIG. 48 b depicts an exemplary spatial force function corresponding tomagnetic field structures of FIG. 48 a;

FIG. 49 a depicts exemplary magnetic field structures designed to enableautomatically closing drawers;

FIG. 49 b depicts an alternative example of magnetic field structuresenabling automatically closing drawers;

FIG. 50 depicts exemplary circular magnetic field structures; and

FIGS. 51 a and 51 b depict side and top down views of a mono-fielddefense mechanism.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully in detail withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which the preferredembodiments of the invention are shown. This invention should not,however, be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein;rather, they are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to thoseskilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

FIG. 1 depicts South and North poles and magnetic field vectors of anexemplary magnet. Referring to FIG. 1, a magnet 100 has a South pole 102and a North pole 104. Also depicted are magnetic field vectors 106 thatrepresent the direction and magnitude of the magnet's moment. North andSouth poles are also referred to herein as positive (+) and negative (−)poles, respectively. In accordance with the invention, magnets can bepermanent magnets, impermanent magnets, electromagnets,electro-permanent magnets, involve hard or soft material, and can besuperconductive. In some applications, magnets can be replaced byelectrets. Magnets can be most any size from very large to very small toinclude nanometer scale. In the case of non-superconducting materialsthere is a smallest size limit of one domain. When a material is madesuperconductive, however, the magnetic field that is within it can be ascomplex as desired and there is no practical lower size limit until youget to atomic scale. Magnets may also be created at atomic scale aselectric and magnetic fields produced by molecular size structures maybe tailored to have correlated properties, e.g. nanomaterials andmacromolecules.

At the nanometer scale, one or more single domains can be used forcoding where each single domain has a code and the quantization of themagnetic field would be the domain.

FIG. 2 depicts iron filings oriented in the magnetic field 200 (i.e.,field domain) produced by a single bar magnet.

FIG. 3 a depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities areopposite in direction resulting in a repelling spatial force. Referringto FIG. 3 a, two magnets 100 a and 100 b are aligned such that theirpolarities are opposite in direction. Specifically, a first magnet 100 ahas a South pole 102 on the left and a North pole 104 on the right,whereas a second magnet 100 b has a North pole 104 on the left and aSouth pole 102 on the right such that when aligned the magnetic fieldvectors 106 a of the first magnet 100 a are directed against themagnetic field vectors 106 b of the second magnet 100 b resulting in arepelling spatial force 300 that causes the two magnets to repel eachother.

FIG. 3 b depicts two magnets aligned such that their polarities are thesame in direction resulting in an attracting spatial force. Referring toFIG. 3 b, two magnets 100 a and 100 b are aligned such that theirpolarities are in the same direction. Specifically, a first magnet 100 ahas a South pole 102 on the left and a North pole 104 on the right, anda second magnet 100 b also has South pole 102 on the left and a Northpole 104 on the right such that when aligned the magnetic field vectors106 a of the first magnet 100 a are directed the same as the magneticfield vectors 106 a of the second magnet 100 b resulting in anattracting spatial force 302 that causes the two magnets to attract eachother.

FIG. 4 a depicts two magnets 100 a 100 b having substantial alignment400 such that the North pole 104 of the first magnet 100 a hassubstantially full contact across its surface with the surface of theSouth pole 102 of the second magnet 10 b.

FIG. 4 b depicts two magnets 100 a, 100 b having partial alignment 402such that the North pole 104 of the first magnet 100 a is in contactacross its surface with approximately two-thirds of the surface of theSouth pole 102 of the second magnet 10 b.

FIG. 4 c depicts a first sized magnet 100 a and smaller different sizedmagnets 100 b 100 c having partial alignment 404. As seen in FIG. 4 c,the two smaller magnets 100 b and 100 c are aligned differently with thelarger magnet 100 a.

Generally, one skilled in the art will recognize in relation to FIGS. 4a through 4 c that the direction of the vectors 106 a of the attractingmagnets will cause them to align in the same direction as the vectors106 a. However, the magnets can be moved relative to each other suchthat they have partial alignment yet they will still ‘stick’ to eachother and maintain their positions relative to each other.

In accordance with the present invention, combinations of magnet (orelectric) field emission sources, referred to herein as magnetic fieldemission structures, can be created in accordance with codes havingdesirable correlation properties. When a magnetic field emissionstructure is brought into alignment with a complementary, or mirrorimage, magnetic field emission structure the various magnetic fieldemission sources all align causing a peak spatial attraction force to beproduced whereby misalignment of the magnetic field emission structurescauses the various magnetic field emission sources to substantiallycancel each other out as function of the code used to design thestructures. Similarly, when a magnetic field emission structure isbrought into alignment with a duplicate magnetic field emissionstructure the various magnetic field emission sources all align causinga peak spatial repelling force to be produced whereby misalignment ofthe magnetic field emission structures causes the various magnetic fieldemission sources to substantially cancel each other out. As such,spatial forces are produced in accordance with the relative alignment ofthe field emission structures and a spatial force function. As describedherein, these spatial force functions can be used to achieve precisionalignment and precision positioning. Moreover, these spatial forcefunctions enable the precise control of magnetic fields and associatedspatial forces thereby enabling new forms of attachment devices forattaching objects with precise alignment and new systems and methods forcontrolling precision movement of objects. Generally, a spatial forcehas a magnitude that is a function of the relative alignment of twomagnetic field emission structures and their corresponding spatial force(or correlation) function, the spacing (or distance) between the twomagnetic field emission structures, and the magnetic field strengths andpolarities of the sources making up the two magnetic field emissionstructures.

The characteristic of the present invention whereby the various magneticfield sources making up two magnetic field emission structures caneffectively cancel out each other when they are brought out of alignmentcan be described as a release force (or a release mechanism). Thisrelease force or release mechanism is a direct result of the correlationcoding used to produce the magnetic field emission structures and,depending on the code employed, can be present regardless of whether thealignment of the magnetic field emission structures corresponds to arepelling force or an attraction force.

One skilled in the art of coding theory will recognize that there aremany different types of codes having different correlation propertiesthat have been used in communications for channelization purposes,energy spreading, modulation, and other purposes. Many of the basiccharacteristics of such codes make them applicable for use in producingthe magnetic field emission structures described herein. For example,Barker codes are known for their autocorrelation properties. Although,Barker codes are used herein for exemplary purposes, other forms ofcodes well known in the art because of their autocorrelation,cross-correlation, or other properties are also applicable to thepresent invention including, for example, Gold codes, Kasami sequences,hyperbolic congruential codes, quadratic congruential codes, linearcongruential codes, Welch-Costas array codes, Golomb-Costas array codes,pseudorandom codes, chaotic codes, and Optimal Golomb Ruler codes.Generally, any code can be employed.

The correlation principles of the present invention may or may notrequire overcoming normal ‘magnet orientation’ behavior using a holdingmechanism. For example, magnets of the same magnetic field emissionstructure can be sparsely separated from other magnets (e.g., in asparse array) such that the magnetic forces of the individual magnets donot substantially interact, in which case the polarity of individualmagnets can be varied in accordance with a code without requiring asubstantial holding force to prevent magnetic forces from ‘flipping’ amagnet. Magnets that are close enough such that their magnetic forcessubstantially interact such that their magnetic forces would normallycause one of them to ‘flip’ so that their moment vectors align can bemade to remain in a desired orientation by use of a holding mechanismsuch as an adhesive, a screw, a bolt & nut, etc.

FIG. 5 a depicts a Barker length 7 code used to determine polarities andpositions of magnets making up a magnetic field emission structure.Referring to FIG. 5 a, a Barker length 7 code 500 is used to determinethe polarities and the positions of magnets making up a magnetic fieldemission structure 502. Each magnet has the same or substantially thesame magnetic field strength (or amplitude), which for the sake of thisexample is provided a unit of 1 (where A=Attract, R=Repel, A=−R, A=1,R=−1).

FIGS. 5 b through 5 o depict different alignments of two complementarymagnetic field structures like that of FIG. 5 a. Referring to FIGS. 5 bthrough 5 o, a first magnetic field structure 502 a is held stationary.A second magnetic field emission structure 502 b that is identical tothe first magnetic field emission structure 502 a is shown sliding fromleft to right in 13 different alignments relative to the first magneticfield emission structure 502 a in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o. The boundarywhere individual magnets of the two structures interact is referred toherein as an interface boundary. (Note that although the first magneticfield emission structure 502 a is identical to the second magnetic fieldstructure in terms of magnet field directions, the interfacing poles areof opposite or complementary polarity).

The total magnetic force between the first and second magnetic fieldemission structures 502 a 502 b is determined as the sum from left toright along the structure of the individual forces, at each magnetposition, of each magnet or magnet pair interacting with its directlyopposite corresponding magnet in the opposite magnetic field emissionstructure. Where only one magnet exists, the corresponding magnet is 0,and the force is 0. Where two magnets exist, the force is R for equalpoles or A for opposite poles. Thus, for FIG. 5 b, the first sixpositions to the left have no interaction. The one position in thecenter shows two “S” poles in contact for a repelling force of 1. Thenext six positions to the right have no interaction, for a total forceof 1R=−1, a repelling force of magnitude 1. The spatial correlation ofthe magnets for the various alignments is similar to radio frequency(RF) signal correlation in time, since the force is the sum of theproducts of the magnet strengths of the opposing magnet pairs over thelateral width of the structure. Thus,

$f = {\sum\limits_{{n = 1},N}{p_{n}q_{n}}}$

where,

f is the total magnetic force between the two structures,

n is the position along the structure up to maximum position N, and

p_(n) are the strengths and polarities of the lower magnets at eachposition n.

q_(n) are the strengths and polarities of the upper magnets at eachposition n.

An alternative equation separates strength and polarity variables, asfollows:

$f = {\sum\limits_{{n = 1},N}{l_{n}p_{n}u_{n}q_{n}}}$

where,

f is the total magnetic force between the two structures,

n is the position along the structure up to maximum position N,

l_(n) are the strengths of the lower magnets at each position n,

p_(n) are the polarities (1 or −1) of the lower magnets at each positionn,

u_(n) are the strengths of the upper magnets at each position n, and

q_(n) are the polarities (1 or −1) of the upper magnets at each positionn.

The above force calculations can be performed for each shift of the twostructures to plot a force vs. position function for the two structures.A force vs. position function may alternatively be called a spatialforce function. In other words, for each relative alignment, the numberof magnet pairs that repel plus the number of magnet pairs that attractis calculated, where each alignment has a spatial force in accordancewith a spatial force function based upon the correlation function andmagnetic field strengths of the magnets. With the specific Barker codeused, it can be observed from the figures that the spatial force variesfrom −1 to 7, where the peak occurs when the two magnetic field emissionstructures are aligned such that their respective codes are aligned asshown in FIG. 5 h and FIG. 5 i. (FIG. 5 h and FIG. 5 i show the samealignment, which is repeated for continuity between the two columns offigures). The off peak spatial force, referred to as a side lobe force,varies from 0 to −1. As such, the spatial force function causes themagnetic field emission structures to generally repel each other unlessthey are aligned such that each of their magnets is correlated with acomplementary magnet (i.e., a magnet's South pole aligns with anothermagnet's North pole, or vice versa). In other words, the two magneticfield emission structures substantially correlate when they are alignedsuch that they substantially mirror each other.

FIG. 5 p depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o in asingle diagram. In FIG. 5 p, a first magnet structure 502 a isstationary while a second magnet structure 502 b is moved across the topof the first magnet structure 502 a in one direction 508 according to ascale 504. The second magnet structure 502 b is shown at position 1according to an indicating pointer 506, which moves with the left magnetof the second structure 502 b. As the second magnet structure 502 b ismoved from left to right, the total attraction and repelling forces aredetermined and plotted in the graph of FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 depicts the binary autocorrelation function 600 of the Barkerlength 7 code, where the values at each alignment position 1 through 13correspond to the spatial force values calculated for the thirteenalignment positions shown in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o (and in FIG. 5 p). Assuch, since the magnets making up the magnetic field emission structures502 a, 502 b have the same magnetic field strengths, FIG. 6 also depictsthe spatial force function of the two magnetic field emission structuresof FIGS. 5 b-5 o and 5 p. As the true autocorrelation function forcorrelated magnet field structures is repulsive, and most of the usesenvisioned will have attractive correlation peaks, the usage of the term‘autocorrelation’ herein will refer to complementary correlation unlessotherwise stated. That is, the interacting faces of two such correlatedmagnetic field emission structures will be complementary to (i.e.,mirror images of) each other. This complementary autocorrelationrelationship can be seen in FIG. 5 b where the bottom face of the firstmagnetic field emission structure 502 b having the pattern ‘S S S N N SN’ is shown interacting with the top face of the second magnetic fieldemission structure 502 a having the pattern ‘N N N S S N S’, which isthe mirror image (pattern) of the bottom face of the first magneticfield emission structure 502 b.

The attraction functions of FIG. 6 and others in this disclosure areidealized, but illustrate the main principle and primary performance.The curves show the performance assuming equal magnet size, shape, andstrength and equal distance between corresponding magnets. Forsimplicity, the plots only show discrete integer positions andinterpolate linearly. Actual force values may vary from the graph due tovarious factors such as diagonal coupling of adjacent magnets, magnetshape, spacing between magnets, properties of magnetic materials, etc.The curves also assume equal attract and repel forces for equaldistances. Such forces may vary considerably and may not be equaldepending on magnet material and field strengths. High coercive forcematerials typically perform well in this regard.

FIG. 7 a depicts a Barker length 7 code 500 used to determine polaritiesand positions of magnets making up a magnetic field emission structure702. Each magnet has the same or substantially the same magnetic fieldstrength (or amplitude), which for the sake of this example is provideda unit of 1 (A=−R, A=1, R=−1), with the exception of two magnetsindicated with bolded N and S that have twice the magnetic strength asthe other magnets. As such, a bolded magnet and non-bolded magnetrepresent 1.5 times the strength as two non-bolded magnets and twobolded magnets represent twice the strength of two non-bolded magnets.

FIGS. 7 b through 7 o depict different alignments of two complementarymagnetic field structures like that of FIG. 7 a. Referring to FIGS. 7 bthrough 7 o, a first magnetic field structure 702 a is held stationary.A second magnetic field emission structure 702 b that is identical tothe first magnetic field emission structure 702 a is shown in 13different alignments relative to the first magnetic field emissionstructure 702 a in FIGS. 7 b through 7 o. For each relative alignment,the number of magnet pairs that repel plus the number of magnet pairsthat attract is calculated, where each alignment has a spatial force inaccordance with a spatial force function based upon the correlationfunction and the magnetic field strengths of the magnets. With thespecific Barker code used, the spatial force varies from −2.5 to 9,where the peak occurs when the two magnetic field emission structuresare aligned such that their respective codes are aligned. The off peakspatial force, referred to as the side lobe force, varies from 0.5 to−2.5. As such, the spatial force function causes the structures to haveminor repel and attract forces until about two-thirds aligned when thereis a fairly strong repel force that weakens just before they arealigned. When the structures are substantially aligned their codes alignand they strongly attract as if the magnets in the structures were notcoded.

FIG. 7 p depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 7 b through 7 o in asingle diagram. In FIG. 7 p, a first magnet structure 702 a isstationary while a second magnet structure 702 b is moved across the topof the first magnet structure 702 a in a direction 708 according to ascale 704. The second magnet structure 702 b is shown at position 1according to an indicating pointer 706, which moves with the left magnetof the second structure 702 b. As the second magnet structure 702 b ismoved from left to right, the total attraction and repelling forces aredetermined and plotted in the graph of FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary spatial force function 800 of the twomagnetic field emission structures of FIGS. 7 b through 7 o (and FIG. 7p).

The examples provided thus far have used the Barker 7 code to illustratethe principles of the invention. Barker codes have been found to existin lengths up to 13. Table 1 shows Barker codes up to length 13.Additional Barker codes may be generated by cyclic shifts (registerrotations) or negative polarity (multiply by −1) transformations of thecodes of Table 1. The technical literature includes Barker-like codes ofeven greater length. Barker codes offer a peak force equal to the lengthand a maximum misaligned force of 1 or −1. Thus, the ratio of peak tomaximum misaligned force is length/1 or −length/1.

TABLE 1 Barker Codes Length Codes 2 +1 −1 +1 +1 3 +1 +1 −1 4 +1 −1 +1 +1+1 −1 −1 −1 5 +1 +1 +1 −1 +1 7 +1 +1 +1 −1 −1 +1 −1 11 +1 +1 +1 −1 −1 −1+1 −1 −1 +1 −1 13 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 −1 −1 +1 +1 −1 +1 −1 +1

Numerous other codes are known in the literature for low autocorrelationwhen misaligned and may be used for magnet structure definition asillustrated with the Barker 7 code. Such codes include, but are notlimited to maximal length PN sequences, Kasami codes, Golomb ruler codesand others. Codes with low non-aligned autocorrelation offer theprecision lock at the alignment point as shown in FIG. 6.

Pseudo Noise (PN) and noise sequences also offer codes with lownon-aligned autocorrelation. Most generally a noise sequence orpseudo-noise sequence is a sequence of 1 and −1 values that is generatedby a true random process, such as a noise diode or other natural source,or is numerically generated in a deterministic (non random) process thathas statistical properties much like natural random processes. Thus,many true random and pseudo random processes may generate suitable codesfor use with the present invention. Random processes however will likelyhave random variations in the sidelobe amplitude, i.e., non-alignedforce as a function of distance from alignment; whereas, Barker codesand others may have a constant amplitude when used as cyclic codes (FIG.9 a). One such family is maximal length PN codes generated by linearfeedback shift registers (LFSR). LFSR codes offer a family of very longcodes with a constant low level non-aligned cyclic autocorrelation. Thecodes come in lengths of powers of two minus one and several differentcodes of the same length are generally available for the longer lengths.LFSR codes offer codes in much longer lengths than are available withBarker codes. Table 2 summarizes the properties for a few of the shorterlengths. Extensive data on LFSR codes is available in the literature.

TABLE 2 LFSR Sequences Number of Length of Number of Example Stagessequences Sequences feedback 2 3 1 1, 2 3 7 2 2, 3 4 15 2 3, 4 5 31 6 3,5 6 63 6 5, 6 7 127 18 6, 7 8 255 16 4, 5, 6, 8 9 511 48 5, 9 10 1023 60 7, 10

The literature for LFSR sequences and related sequences such as Gold andKasami often uses a 0, 1 notation and related mathematics. The twostates 0, 1 may be mapped to the two states −1, +1 for use with magnetpolarities. An exemplary LFSR sequence for a length 4 shift registerstarting at 1,1,1,1 results in the feedback sequence: 000100110101111,which may be mapped to: −1, −1, −1, +1, −1, −1, +1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1,+1, +1, +1. Alternatively, the opposite polarities may be used or acyclic shift may be used.

Code families also exist that offer a set of codes that may act as aunique identifier or key, requiring a matching part to operate thedevice. Kasami codes and other codes can achieve keyed operation byoffering a set of codes with low cross correlation in addition to lowautocorrelation. Low cross correlation for any non-aligned offset meansthat one code of the set will not match and thus not lock with astructure built according to the another code in the set. For example,two structures A and A*, based on code A and the complementary code A*,will slide and lock at the precision lock point. Two structures B and B*from the set of low cross correlation codes will also slide and locktogether at the precision alignment point. However, code A will slidewith low attraction at any point but will not lock with code B* becauseof the low cross correlation properties of the code. Thus, the code canact like a key that will only achieve lock when matched with a like(complementary) pattern.

Kasami sequences are binary sequences of length 2^(N) where N is an eveninteger. Kasami sequences have low cross-correlation values approachingthe Welch lower bound for all time shifts and may be used as cycliccodes. There are two classes of Kasami sequences—the small set and thelarge set.

The process of generating a Kasami sequence starts by generating amaximum length sequence a_(n), where n=1 . . . 2^(N)−1. Maximum lengthsequences are cyclic sequences so a_(n) is repeated periodically for nlarger than 2^(N)−1. Next, we generate another sequence b_(n) bygenerating a decimated sequence of a_(n) at a period of q=2^(N/2)+1,i.e., by taking every q^(th) bit of a_(n). We generate b_(n) byrepeating the decimated sequence q times to form a sequence of length2^(N)−1. We then cyclically shift b_(n) and add to a_(n) for theremaining 2^(N)−2 non repeatable shifts. The Kasami set of codescomprises a_(n), a_(n)+b_(n), and the cyclically shifted a_(n)+(shiftb_(n)) sequences. This set has 2^(N/2) different sequences. A firstcoded structure may be based on any one of the different sequences and acomplementary structure may be the equal polarity or negative polarityof the first coded structure, depending on whether repelling orattracting force is desired. Neither the first coded structure nor thecomplementary structure will find strong attraction with any of theother codes in the 2^(N/2) different sequences. An exemplary 15 lengthKasami small set of four sequences is given in Table 3 below. The 0, 1notation may be transformed to −1, +1 as described above. Cyclic shiftsand opposite polarity codes may be used as well.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Kasami small set sequences. Sequence K1 0 0 0 1 0 0 11 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 K2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 K3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 01 1 0 0 1 K4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other codes, such as Walsh codes and Hadamard codes, offer sets of codeswith perfectly zero cross correlation across the set of codes whenaligned, but possibly high correlation performance when misaligned. Suchcodes can provide the unique key function when combined with mechanicalconstraints that insure alignment. Exemplary Walsh codes are as follows:

Denote W(k, n) as Walsh code k in n-length Walsh matrix. It means thek-th row of Hadamard matrix H(m), where n=2 m, m an integer. Here kcould be 0, 1, . . . , n−1. A few Walsh codes are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Walsh Codes Walsh Code Code W(0,1) 1 W(0,2) 1, 1 W(1,2) 1, −1W(0,4) 1, 1, 1, 1 W(1,4) 1, −1, 1, −1 W(2,4) 1, 1, −1, −1 W(3,4) 1, −1,−1, 1 W(0,8) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 W(1,8) 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1W(2,8) 1, 1, −1, −1, 1, 1, −1, −1 W(3,8) 1, −1, −1, 1, 1, −1, −1, 1W(4,8) 1, 1, 1, 1, −1, −1, −1, −1 W(5,8) 1, −1, 1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1W(6,8) 1, 1, −1, −1, −1, −1, 1, 1 W(7,8) 1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1

In use, Walsh codes of the same length would be used as a set of codesthat have zero interaction with one another, i.e., Walsh code W(0,8)will not attract or repel any of the other codes of length 8 whenaligned. Alignment should be assured by mechanical constraints becauseoff alignment attraction can be great.

Codes may be employed as cyclic codes or non-cyclic codes. Cyclic codesare codes that may repetitively follow another code, typicallyimmediately following with the next step after the end of the last code.Such codes may also be referred to as wrapping or wraparound codes.Non-cyclic codes are typically used singly or possibly used repetitivelybut in isolation from adjacent codes. The Barker 7 code example of FIG.5 a is a non-cyclic use of the code; whereas the example of FIG. 9 a isa cyclic use of the same code.

FIG. 9 a depicts an exemplary cyclic code comprising three modulos of aBarker length 7 code. Referring to FIG. 9 a, a Barker length 7 code 500is repeated three times to produce a magnetic field emission structure902.

FIGS. 9 b through 9 o depict relative alignments of a first magneticfield emission structure 502 having polarities and magnet positionsdefined by a Barker length 7 code 500 and a second magnetic fieldemission structure 902 that corresponds to three repeating code modulosof the code 500 used to define the first magnetic field emissionstructure 500. Each magnet has the same or substantially the samemagnetic field strength (or amplitude), which for the sake of thisexample will be provided a unit of 1 (A=−R, A=1, R=−1). Shown in FIGS. 9a through 9 o are 13 different alignments of the first magnetic fieldemission structure 502 to the second magnetic field emission structure902 where all the magnets of the first magnetic structure 502 are alwaysin contact with the repeating second magnetic field emission structure902. For each relative alignment, the number of magnet pairs that repelplus the number of magnet pairs that attract is calculated, where eachalignment has a spatial force in accordance with a spatial forcefunction based upon the correlation function and the magnetic fieldstrengths of the magnets. With the specific Barker code used, thespatial force varies from −1 to 7, where the peak occurs when the twomagnetic field emission structures are aligned such that theirrespective codes are aligned. The off peak spatial force, referred to asside lobe force, is −1. As such, the spatial force function causes thestructures to generally repel each other unless they are substantiallyaligned when they will attract as if the magnets in the structures werenot coded.

FIG. 9 p depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 9 b through 9 o in asingle diagram. In FIG. 9 p, a first magnet structure 902 is stationarywhile a second magnet structure 502 is moved across the top of the firstmagnet structure 902 in a direction 908 according to a scale 904. Thesecond magnet structure 502 is shown at a position 13 according to anindicating pointer 906, which moves with the right magnet of the secondstructure 502. As the second magnet structure 502 is moved from right toleft, the total attraction and repelling forces are determined andplotted in the graph of FIG. 10.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary spatial force function 1000 of the twomagnetic field emission structures of FIGS. 9 b through 9 o (and FIG. 9p) where the code that defines the second magnetic field emissionstructure 902 repeats. As such, as the code modulo repeats there is apeak spatial force that repeats every seven alignment shifts. Thedash-dot lines of FIG. 10 depict additional peak spatial forces thatoccur when the first magnetic field structure 502 is moved relative toadditional code modulos, for example, two additional code modulos. Notethat the total force shows a peak of 7 each time the sliding magnetstructure 502 aligns with the underlying Barker 7 pattern in a similarmanner as previously described for FIG. 6 except the misalignedpositions (positions 1-6 for example) show a constant −1 indicating arepelling force of one magnet pair. In contrast, the force in FIG. 6alternates between 0 and −1 in the misaligned region, where thealternating values are the result of their being relative positions ofnon-cyclic structures where magnets do not have a corresponding magnetwith which to pair up. In magnet structures, cyclic codes may be placedin repeating patterns to form longer patterns or may cycle back to thebeginning of the code as in a circle or racetrack pattern. As such,cyclic codes are useful on cylindrically or spherically shaped objects.

FIG. 11 a depicts an exemplary cyclic code comprising two repeating codemodulos of a Barker length 7 code. Referring to FIG. 11 a, a Barkerlength 7 code is repeated two times to produce a magnetic field emissionstructure 1102.

FIGS. 11 b through 11 ab depict 27 different alignments of two magneticfield emission structures where a Barker code of length 7 is used todetermine the polarities and the positions of magnets making up a firstmagnetic field emission structure 1102 a, which corresponds to twomodulos of the Barker length 7 code 500 end-to-end. Each magnet has thesame or substantially the same magnetic field strength (or amplitude),which for the sake of this example is provided a unit of 1 (A=−R, A=1,R=−1). A second magnetic field emission structure 1102 b that isidentical to the first magnetic field emission structure 1102 a is shownin 27 different alignments relative to the first magnetic field emissionstructure 1102 a. For each relative alignment, the number of magnetpairs that repel plus the number of magnet pairs that attract iscalculated, where each alignment has a spatial force in accordance witha spatial force function based upon the correlation function andmagnetic field strengths of the magnets. With the specific Barker codeused, the spatial force varies from −2 to 14, where the peak occurs whenthe two magnetic field emission structures are aligned such that theirrespective codes are aligned. Two secondary peaks occur when thestructures are half aligned such that one of the successive codes of onestructure aligns with one of the codes of the second structure. The offpeak spatial force, referred to as the side lobe force, varies from −1to −2 between the peak and secondary peaks and between 0 and −1 outsidethe secondary peaks.

FIG. 11 ac depicts the sliding action shown in FIGS. 11 b through 11 abin a single diagram. In FIG. 11 ac, a first magnet structure 1102 a ismoved across the top of a second magnet structure 1102 b in a direction1108 according to a scale 1104. The first magnet structure 1102 a isshown at position 27 according to an indicating pointer 1106, whichmoves with the right magnet of the first magnet structure 1102 a. As thefirst magnet structure 1102 a is moved from right to left, the totalattraction and repelling forces are determined and plotted in the graphof FIG. 12.

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary spatial force function of the two magneticfield emission structures of FIGS. 11 b through 11 ab. Based on FIG. 6and FIG. 10, FIG. 12 corresponds to the spatial functions in FIG. 6 andFIG. 10 added together.

The magnetic field emission structures disclosed so far are shown anddescribed with respect to relative movement in a single dimension, i.e.,along the interface boundary in the direction of the code. Someapplications utilize such magnet structures by mechanically constrainingthe relative motion to the single degree of freedom being along theinterface boundary in the direction of the code. Other applicationsallow movement perpendicular to the direction of the code along theinterface boundary, or both along and perpendicular to the direction ofthe code, offering two degrees of freedom. Still other applications mayallow rotation and may be mechanically constrained to only rotate arounda specified axis, thus having a single degree of freedom (with respectto movement along the interface boundary.) Other applications may allowtwo lateral degrees of freedom with rotation adding a third degree offreedom. Most applications also operate in the spacing dimension toattract or repel, hold or release. The spacing dimension is usually nota dimension of interest with respect to the code; however, someapplications may pay particular attention to the spacing dimension asanother degree of freedom, potentially adding tilt rotations for sixdegrees of freedom. For applications allowing two lateral degrees offreedom, special codes may be used that place multiple magnets in twodimensions along the interface boundary.

FIG. 13 a and FIG. 13 b illustrate the spatial force functions ofmagnetic field emission structures produced by repeating aone-dimensional code across a second dimension N times (i.e., in rowseach having same coding) where in FIG. 13 a the movement is across thecode (i.e., as in FIGS. 5 b through 5 o) or in FIG. 13 b the movementmaintains alignment with up to all N coded rows of the structure anddown to one.

FIG. 14 a depicts a two dimensional Barker-like code 1400 and acorresponding two-dimensional magnetic field emission structure 1402 a.Referring to FIG. 14 a, a two dimensional Barker-like code 1400 iscreated by copying each row to a new row below, shifting the code in thenew row to the left by one, and then wrapping the remainder to the rightside. When applied to a two-dimensional field emission structure 1402 ainteresting rotation-dependent correlation characteristics are produced.Shown in FIG. 14 a is a two-dimensional mirror image field emissionstructure 1402 b, which is also shown rotated −90°, −180°, and −270° as1402 c-1402 e, respectively. Note that with the two-dimensional fieldemission structure 1402 a, a top down view of the top of the structureis depicted such that the poles of each magnet facing up are shown,whereas with the two-dimensional mirror image field emission structure1402 b, 1402 c, 1402 d, 1402 e a top down view of the bottom of thestructure is depicted such that the poles of each magnet facing down areshown. As such, each magnet of the two-dimensional structure 1402 awould be opposite a corresponding magnet of the mirror image structure1402 b, 1402 c, 1402 d, 1402 e having opposite polarity. Also shown is abottom view of the two-dimensional magnetic field structure 1402 a′. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that the bottom view of the firststructure 1402 a′ is also the mirror image of the top view of the firststructure 1402 a, where 1402 a and 1402 a′ could be interpreted muchlike opposing pages of a book such that when the book closes the all themagnetic source pairs would align to produce a peak attraction force.

Autocorrelation cross-sections were calculated for the four rotations ofthe mirror image field emission structure 1402 b-1402 e moving acrossthe magnetic field emission structure 1402 a in the same direction 1404.Four corresponding numeric autocorrelation cross-sections 1406, 1408,1410, and 1412, respectively, are shown. As indicated, when the mirrorimage is passed across the magnetic field emission structure 1402 a eachcolumn has a net 1R (or −1) spatial force and as additional columnsoverlap, the net spatial forces add up until the entire structure aligns(+49) and then the repel force decreases as less and less columnsoverlap. With −90° and −270° degree rotations, there is symmetry buterratic correlation behavior. With −180° degrees rotation, symmetry islost and correlation fluctuations are dramatic. The fluctuations can beattributed to directionality characteristics of the shift left and wrapapproach used to generate the structure 1402 a, which caused upper rightto lower left diagonals to be produced which when the mirror image wasrotated −180°, these diagonals lined up with the rotated mirror imagediagonals.

FIG. 14 b depicts exemplary spatial force functions resulting from amirror image magnetic field emission structure and a mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure rotated −90° moving across themagnetic field emission structure. Referring to FIG. 14 b, spatial forcefunction 1414 results from the mirror image magnetic field emissionstructure 1402 b moving across the magnetic field emission structure1402 a in a direction 1404 and spatial force function 1416 results fromthe mirror image magnetic field emission structure rotated −90° 1402 cmoving across magnetic field emission structure 1402 a in the samedirection 1404. Characteristics of the spatial force function depictedin FIG. 12 may be consistent with a diagonal cross-section from 0,0 to40,40 of spatial force function 1414 and at offsets parallel to thatdiagonal. Additionally, characteristics of the spatial force functiondepicted in FIG. 13 b may be consistent with a diagonal from 40,0 to0,40 of spatial force function 1414.

FIG. 14 c depicts variations of magnetic field emission structure 1402 awhere rows are reordered randomly in an attempt to affect itsdirectionality characteristics. As shown, the rows of 1402 a arenumbered from top to bottom 1421 through 1427. A second magnetic fieldemission structure 1430 is produced by reordering the rows to 1427,1421, 1424, 1423, 1422, 1426, and 1425. When viewing the seven columnsproduced, each follows the Barker 7 code pattern wrapping downward. Athird magnetic field emission structure 1432 is produced by reorderingthe rows to 1426, 1424, 1421, 1425, 1423, 1427, and 1422. When viewingthe seven columns produced, the first, second, and sixth columns do notfollow the Barker 7 code pattern while the third column follows theBarker 7 code pattern wrapping downward while the fourth, fifth andseven columns follow the Barker 7 code pattern wrapping upward. A fourthmagnetic field emission structure 1434 is produced by reordering therows 1425, 1421, 1427, 1424, 1422, 1426, and 1423. When viewing theseven columns produced, each follows the Barker 7 code pattern wrappingupward. A fifth magnetic field emission structure 1436 is produced byreversing the polarity of three of the rows of the first magnetic fieldemission structure 1402 a. Specifically, the magnets of rows 1422 a,1424 a and 1426 a are reversed in polarity from the magnets of rows1422, 1424, and 1426, respectively. Note that the code of 1402 a has 28“+” magnets and 21 “−” magnets; whereas, alternative fifth magneticfield emission structure 1436 has 25 “+” magnets and 24 “−” magnets—anearly equal number. Thus, the far field of fifth magnetic field fromstructure 1436 will nearly cancel to zero, which can be valuable in someapplications. A sixth magnetic field emission structure 1438 is producedby reversing the direction of three of the rows. Specifically, thedirection of rows 1422 b, 1424 b and 1426 b are reversed from 1422,1424, and 1426, respectively. A seventh magnetic field emissionstructure 1440 is produced using four codes of low mutual crosscorrelation, for example four rows 1442, 1444, 1446, and 1448 eachhaving a different 15 length Kasami code. Because the rows have lowcross correlation and low autocorrelation, shifts either laterally or upand down (as viewed on the page) or both will result in low magneticforce. Generally, two dimensional codes may be generated by combiningmultiple single dimensional codes. In particular, the single dimensionalcodes may be selected from sets of codes with known low mutual crosscorrelation. Gold codes and Kasami codes are two examples of such codes,however other code sets may also be used.

More generally, FIG. 14 c illustrates that two dimensional codes may begenerated from one dimensional codes by assembling successive rows ofone dimensional codes and that different two dimensional codes may begenerated by varying each successive row by operations including but notlimited to changing the order, shifting the position, reversing thedirection, and/or reversing the polarity.

Additional magnet structures having low magnetic force with a firstmagnet structure generated from a set of low cross correlation codes maybe generated by reversing the polarity of the magnets or by usingdifferent subsets of the set of available codes. For example, rows 1442and 1444 may form a first magnet structure and rows 1446 and 1448 mayform a second magnet structure. The complementary magnet structure ofthe first magnet structure will have low force reaction to the secondmagnet structure, and conversely, the complementary magnet structure ofthe second magnet structure will have a low force reaction to the firstmagnet structure. Alternatively, if lateral or up and down movement isrestricted, an additional low interaction magnet structure may begenerated by shifting (rotating) the codes or changing the order of therows. Movement may be restricted by such mechanical features asalignment pins, channels, stops, container walls or other mechanicallimits.

FIG. 14 d depicts a spatial force function 1450 resulting from thesecond magnetic field emission structure 1430 moving across its mirrorimage structure in one direction 1404 and a spatial force function 1452resulting from the second magnetic field emission structure 1430 afterbeing rotated −90° moving in the same direction 1404 across the mirrorimage of the second magnetic field emission structure 1430.

FIG. 14 e depicts a spatial force function 1454 resulting from fourthmagnetic field emission structure 1434 moving across its mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure in a direction 1404 and a spatialforce function 1456 resulting from the fourth magnetic field emissionstructure 1434 being rotated −90° and moving in the same direction 1404across its mirror image magnetic field emission structure.

FIG. 15 depicts exemplary one-way slide lock codes and two-way slidelock codes. Referring to FIG. 15, a 19×7 two-way slide lock code 1500 isproduced by starting with a copy of the 7×7 code 1402 and then by addingthe leftmost 6 columns of the 7×7 code 1402 a to the right of the code1500 and the rightmost 6 columns of the 7×7 code to the left of the code1550. As such, as the mirror image 1402 b slides from side-to-side, all49 magnets are in contact with the structure producing theautocorrelation curve of FIG. 10 from positions 1 to 13. Similarly, a7×19 two-way slide lock code 1504 is produced by adding the bottommost 6rows of the 7×7 code 1402 a to the top of the code 1504 and the topmost6 rows of the 7×7 code 1402 a to the bottom of the code 1504. The twostructures 1500 and 1504 behave the same where as a magnetic fieldemission structure 1402 a is slid from side to side it will lock in thecenter with +49 while at any other point off center it will be repelledwith a force of −7. Similarly, one-way slide lock codes 1506, 1508,1510, and 1512 are produced by adding six of seven rows or columns suchthat the code only partially repeats. Generally, various configurations(i.e., plus shapes, L shapes, Z shapes, donuts, crazy eight, etc.) canbe created by continuing to add partial code modulos onto the structuresprovided in FIG. 15. As such, various types of locking mechanisms can bedesigned. Note that with the two-dimensional field emission structure1402 a a top down view of the top of the structure is depicted such thatthe poles of each magnet facing up are shown, whereas with thetwo-dimensional mirror image field emission structure 1402 b, a top downview of the bottom of the structure is depicted such that the poles ofeach magnet facing down are shown.

FIG. 16 a depicts a hover code 1600 produced by placing two code modulos1402 a side-by-side and then removing the first and last columns of theresulting structure. As such, a mirror image 1402 b can be moved acrossa resulting magnetic field emission structure from one side 1602 a tothe other side 1602 f and at all times achieve a spatial force functionof −7. Hover channel (or box) 1604 is shown where mirror image 1402 b ishovering over a magnetic field emission structure produced in accordancewith hover code 1600. With this approach, a mirror image 1402 b can beraised or lowered by increasing or decreasing the magnetic fieldstrength of the magnetic field emission structure below. Similarly, ahover channel 1606 is shown where a mirror image 1402 is hoveringbetween two magnetic field emission structures produced in accordancewith the hover code 1600. With this approach, the mirror image 1402 bcan be raised or lowered by increasing and decreasing the magnetic fieldstrengths of the magnetic field emission structure below and themagnetic field emission structure above. As with the slide lock codes,various configurations can be created where partial code modulos areadded to the structure shown to produce various movement areas abovewhich the movement of a hovering object employing magnetic fieldemission structure 1402 b can be controlled via control of the strengthof the magnetic in the structure and/or using other forces.

FIG. 16 b depicts a hover code 1608 produced by placing two code modulos1402 a one on top of the other and then removing the first and lastrows. As such, mirror image 1402 b can be moved across a resultingmagnetic field emission structure from upper side 1610 a to the bottomside 1610 f and at all time achieve a spatial force function of −7.

FIG. 16 c depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure 1612where a mirror image magnetic field emission structure 1402 b of a 7×7barker-like code will hover with a −7 (repel) force anywhere above thestructure 1612 provided it is properly oriented (i.e., no rotation).Various sorts of such structures can be created using partial codemodulos. Should one or more rows or columns of magnets have its magneticstrength increased (or decreased) then the magnetic field emissionstructure 1402 b can be caused to move in a desired direction and at adesired velocity. For example, should the bolded column of magnets 1614have magnetic strengths that are increased over the strengths of therest of the magnets of the structure 1612, the magnetic field emissionstructure 1402 b will be propelled to the left. As the magnetic fieldemission structure moves to the left, successive columns to the rightmight be provided the same magnetic strengths as column 1614 such thatthe magnetic field emission structure is repeatedly moved leftward. Whenthe structure 1402 b reaches the left side of the structure 1612 themagnets along the portion of the row beneath the top of structure 1402 bcould then have their magnetic strengths increased causing structure1402 b to be moved downward. As such, various modifications to thestrength of magnets in the structure can be varied to effect movement ofstructure 1402 b. Referring again to FIGS. 16 a and 16 b, one skilled inthe art would recognize that the slide-lock codes could be similarlyimplemented so that when structure 1402 b is slid further and furtheraway from the alignment location (shown by the dark square), themagnetic strength of each row (or column) would become more and moreincreased. As such, structure 1402 b could be slowly or quickly repelledback into its lock location. For example, a drawer using the slide-lockcode with varied magnetic field strengths for rows (or columns) outsidethe alignment location could cause the drawer to slowly close until itlocked in place. Variations of magnetic field strengths can also beimplemented per magnet and do not require all magnets in a row (orcolumn) to have the same strength.

FIG. 17 a depicts a magnetic field emission structure 1702 comprisingnine magnets positioned such that they half overlap in one direction.The structure is designed to have a peak spatial force when(substantially) aligned and have relatively minor side lobe strength atany rotation off alignment. The positions of the magnets are shownagainst a coordinate grid 1704. The center column of magnets forms alinear sequence of three magnets each centered on integer gridpositions. Two additional columns of magnets are placed on each side ofthe center column and on adjacent integer column positions, but the rowcoordinates are offset by one half of a grid position. Moreparticularly, the structure comprises nine magnets at relativecoordinates of +1(0,0), −1(0,1), +1(0,2), −1(1,0.5), +1(1,1.5),−1(1,2.5), +1(2,0), −1(2,1), +1(2,2), where within the notation s(x,y),“s” indicates the magnet strength and polarity and “(x,y)” indicates xand y coordinates of the center of the magnet relative to a referenceposition (0,0). The magnet structure, according to the above definitionis then placed such that magnet +1(0,0) is placed at location (9,9.5) inthe coordinate frame 1704 of FIG. 17 a.

When paired with a complementary structure, and the force is observedfor various rotations of the two structures around the center coordinateat (10, 11), the structure 1702 has a peak spatial force when(substantially) aligned and has relatively minor side lobe strength atany rotation off alignment

FIG. 17 b depicts the spatial force function 1706 of a magnetic fieldemission structure 1702 interacting with its mirror image magnetic fieldemission structure. The peak 1708 occurs when substantially aligned.

FIG. 18 a depicts an exemplary code 1802 intended to produce a magneticfield emission structure having a first stronger lock when aligned withits mirror image magnetic field emission structure and a second weakerlock when rotated 90° relative to its mirror image magnetic fieldemission structure. FIG. 18 a shows magnet structure 1802 is against acoordinate grid 1804. The magnet structure 1802 of FIG. 18 a comprisesmagnets at positions: −1(3,7), −1(4,5), −1(4,7), +1(5,3), +1(5,7),−1(5,11), +1(6,5), −1(6,9), +1(7,3), −1(7,7), +1(7,11), −1(8,5),−1(8,9), +1(9,3), −1(9,7), +1(9,11), +1(10,5), −1(10,9) +1(11,7).Additional field emission structures may be derived by reversing thedirection of the x coordinate or by reversing the direction of the ycoordinate or by transposing the x and y coordinates.

FIG. 18 b depicts spatial force function 1806 of a magnetic fieldemission structure 1802 interacting with its mirror image magnetic fieldemission structure. The peak occurs when substantially aligned.

FIG. 18 c depicts the spatial force function 1808 of magnetic fieldemission structure 1802 interacting with its mirror magnetic fieldemission structure after being rotated 90°. The peak occurs whensubstantially aligned but one structure rotated 90°.

FIGS. 19 a-19 i depict the exemplary magnetic field emission structure1802 a and its mirror image magnetic field emission structure 1802 b andthe resulting spatial forces produced in accordance with their variousalignments as they are twisted relative to each other. In FIG. 19 a, themagnetic field emission structure 1802 a and the mirror image magneticfield emission structure 1802 b are aligned producing a peak spatialforce. In FIG. 19 b, the mirror image magnetic field emission structure1802 b is rotated clockwise slightly relative to the magnetic fieldemission structure 1802 a and the attractive force reducessignificantly. In FIG. 19 c, the mirror image magnetic field emissionstructure 1802 b is further rotated and the attractive force continuesto decrease. In FIG. 19 d, the mirror image magnetic field emissionstructure 1802 b is still further rotated until the attractive forcebecomes very small, such that the two magnetic field emission structuresare easily separated as shown in FIG. 19 e. Given the two magnetic fieldemission structures held somewhat apart as in FIG. 19 e, the structurescan be moved closer and rotated towards alignment producing a smallspatial force as in FIG. 19 f. The spatial force increases as the twostructures become more and more aligned in FIGS. 19 g and 19 h and apeak spatial force is achieved when aligned as in FIG. 19 i. It shouldbe noted that the direction of rotation was arbitrarily chosen and maybe varied depending on the code employed. Additionally, the mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure 1802 b is the mirror of magnetic fieldemission structure 1802 a resulting in an attractive peak spatial force.The mirror image magnetic field emission structure 1802 b couldalternatively be coded such that when aligned with the magnetic fieldemission structure 1802 a the peak spatial force would be a repellingforce in which case the directions of the arrows used to indicateamplitude of the spatial force corresponding to the different alignmentswould be reversed such that the arrows faced away from each other.

FIG. 20 a depicts two magnetic field emission structures 1802 a and 1802b. One of the magnetic field emission structures 1802 b includes aturning mechanism 2000 that includes a tool insertion slot 2002. Bothmagnetic field emission structures include alignment marks 2004 along anaxis 2003. A latch mechanism such as the hinged latch clip 2005 a andlatch knob 2005 b may also be included preventing movement (particularlyturning) of the magnetic field emission structures once aligned. Underone arrangement, a pivot mechanism (not shown) could be used to connectthe two structures 1802 a, 1802 b at a pivot point such as at pivotlocation marks 2004 thereby allowing the two structures to be moved intoor out of alignment via a circular motion about the pivot point (e.g.,about the axis 2003).

FIG. 20 b depicts a first circular magnetic field emission structurehousing 2006 and a second circular magnetic field emission structurehousing 2008 configured such that the first housing 2006 can be insertedinto the second housing 2008. The second housing 2008 is attached to analternative turning mechanism 2010 that is connected to a swivelmechanism 2012 that would normally be attached to some other object.Also shown is a lever 2013 that can be used to provide turning leverage.

FIG. 20 c depicts an exemplary tool assembly 2014 including a drill headassembly 2016. The drill head assembly 2016 comprises a first housing2006 and a drill bit 2018. The tool assembly 2014 also includes a drillhead turning assembly 2020 comprising a second housing 2008. The firsthousing 2006 includes raised guides 2022 that are configured to slideinto guide slots 2024 of the second housing 2008. The second housing2008 includes a first rotating shaft 2026 used to turn the drill headassembly 2016. The second housing 2008 also includes a second rotatingshaft 2028 used to align the first housing 2006 and the second housing2008.

FIG. 20 d depicts an exemplary hole cutting tool assembly 2030 having anouter cutting portion 3032 including a first magnetic field emissionstructure 1802 a and an inner cutting portion 2034 including a secondmagnetic field emission structure 1802 b. The outer cutting portion 2032comprises a first housing 2036 having a cutting edge 2038. The firsthousing 2036 is connected to a sliding shaft 2040 having a first bumppad 2042 and a second bump pad 2044. It is configured to slide back andforth inside a guide 2046, where movement is controlled by the spatialforce function of the first and second magnetic field emissionstructures 1802 a and 1802 b. The inner cutting portion 2034 comprises asecond housing 2048 having a cutting edge 2050. The second housing 2048is maintained in a fixed position by a first shaft 2052. The secondmagnetic field emission structure 1802 b is turned using a shaft 2054 soas to cause the first and second magnetic field emission structures 1802a and 1802 b to align momentarily at which point the outer cuttingportion 2032 is propelled towards the inner cutting potion 2034 suchthat cutting edges 2038 and 2050 overlap. The circumference of the firsthousing 2036 is slightly larger than the second housing 2048 so as tocause the two cutting edges 2038 and 2050 to precisely cut a hole insomething passing between them (e.g., cloth). As the shaft 2054continues to turn, the first and second magnetic field emissionstructures 1802 a and 1802 b quickly become misaligned whereby the outercutting portion 2032 is propelled away from the inner cutting portion2034. Furthermore, if the shaft 2054 continues to turn at somerevolution rate (e.g., 1 revolution/second) then that rate defines therate at which holes are cut (e.g., in the cloth). As such, the spatialforce function can be controlled as a function of the movement of thetwo objects to which the first and second magnetic field emissionstructures are associated. In this instance, the outer cutting portion3032 can move from left to right and the inner cutting portion 2032turns at some revolution rate.

FIG. 20 e depicts an exemplary machine press tool comprising a bottomportion 2058 and a top portion 2060. The bottom portion 2058 comprises afirst tier 2062 including a first magnetic field emission structure 1802a, a second tier 2064 including a second magnetic field emissionstructure 2066 a, and a flat surface 2068 having below it a thirdmagnetic field emission structure 2070 a. The top portion 2060 comprisesa first tier 2072 including a fourth magnetic field emission structure1802 b having mirror coding as the first magnetic field emissionstructure 1802 a, a second tier 2074 including a fifth magnetic fieldemission structure 2066 b having mirror coding as the second magneticfield emission structure 2066 a, and a third tier 2076 including a sixthmagnetic field emission structure 2070 b having mirror coding as thethird magnetic field emission structure 2070 a. The second and thirdtiers of the top portion 2060 are configured to receive the two tiers ofthe bottom portion 2058. As the bottom and top portions 2058, 2060 arebrought close to each other and the top portion 2060 becomes alignedwith the bottom portion 2058 the spatial force functions of thecomplementary pairs of magnetic field emission structures causes apressing of any material (e.g., aluminum) that is placed between the twoportions. By turning either the bottom portion 2058 or the top portion2060, the magnetic field emission structures become misaligned such thatthe two portions separate.

FIG. 20 f depicts an exemplary gripping apparatus 2078 including a firstpart 2080 and a second part 2082. The first part 2080 comprises a sawtooth or stairs like structure where each tooth (or stair) hascorresponding magnets making up a first magnetic field emissionstructure 2084 a. The second part 2082 also comprises a saw tooth orstairs like structure where each tooth (or stair) has correspondingmagnets making up a second magnetic field emission structure 2084 b thatis a mirror image of the first magnetic field emission structure 2084 a.Under one arrangement each of the two parts shown are cross-sections ofparts that have the same cross section as rotated up to 360° about acenter axis 2086. Generally, the present invention can be used toproduce all sorts of holding mechanism such as pliers, jigs, clamps,etc. As such, the present invention can provide a precise gripping forceand inherently maintains precision alignment.

FIG. 20 g depicts an exemplary clasp mechanism 2090 including a firstpart 2092 and a second part 2094. The first part 2092 includes a firsthousing 2008 supporting a first magnetic field emission structure. Thesecond part 2094 includes a second housing 2006 used to support a secondmagnetic field emission structure. The second housing 2006 includesraised guides 2022 that are configured to slide into guide slots 2024 ofthe first housing 2008. The first housing 2008 is also associated with amagnetic field emission structure slip ring mechanism 2096 that can beturned to rotate the magnetic field emission structure of the first part2092 so as to align or misalign the two magnetic field emissionstructures of the clasp mechanism 2090. Generally, all sorts of claspmechanisms can be constructed in accordance with the present inventionwhereby a slip ring mechanism can be turned to cause the clasp mechanismto release. Such clasp mechanisms can be used as receptacle plugs,plumbing connectors, connectors involving piping for air, water, steam,or any compressible or incompressible fluid. The technology is alsoapplicable to Bayonette Neil-Concelman (BNC) electronic connectors,Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors, and most any other type ofconnector used for any purpose.

The gripping force described above can also be described as a matingforce. As such, in certain electronics applications this ability toprovide a precision mating force between two electronic parts or as partof a connection may correspond to a desired characteristic, for example,a desired impedance. Furthermore, the invention is applicable toinductive power coupling where a first magnetic field emission structurethat is driven with AC will achieve inductive power coupling whenaligned with a second magnetic field emission structure made of a seriesof solenoids whose coils are connected together with polaritiesaccording to the same code used to produce the first magnetic fieldemission structure. When not aligned, the fields will close onthemselves since they are so close to each other in the driven magneticfield emission structure and thereby conserve power. Ordinaryinductively coupled systems' pole pieces are rather large and cannotconserve their fields in this way since the air gap is so large.

FIG. 21 depicts a first elongated structural member 2102 having magneticfield emission structures 2104 on each of two ends and also having analignment marking 2106 (“AA”). FIG. 21 also depicts a second elongatedstructural member 2108 having magnetic field emission structures 2110 onboth ends of one side and having alignment markings 2106 (“AA”). Themagnetic field emission structures 2104 and 2110 are configured suchthat they can be aligned to attach the first and second structuralmembers 2102 and 2108. FIG. 21 further depicts a structural assembly2112 including two of the first elongated structural members 2102attached to two of the second elongated structural members 2108 wherebyfour magnetic field emission structure pairs 2104/2110 are aligned. FIG.21 includes a cover panel 2114 having four magnetic field emissionstructures 1802 a that are configured to align with four magnetic fieldemission structures 1802 b to attach the cover panel 2114 to thestructural assembly 2112 to produce a covered structural assembly 2116.The markings shown could be altered so that structures that complementthe AA structures are labeled AA′. Structures complementary to AAlabeled structures could instead be labeled “aa”. Additionally, variousnumbering or color coding schemes could be employed. For example, red AAlabels could indicate structures complementary to structures having blueAA labels, etc. One skilled in the art will recognize that all sorts ofapproaches for labeling such structures could be used to enable one withless skill to easily understand which such structures are intended to beused together and which structures not intended to be used together.

Generally, the ability to easily turn correlated magnetic structuressuch that they disengage is a function of the torque easily created by aperson's hand by the moment arm of the structure. The larger it is, thelarger the moment arm, which acts as a lever. When two separatestructures are physically connected via a structural member, as with thecover panel 2114, the ability to use torque is defeated because themoment arms are reversed. This reversal is magnified with eachadditional separate structure connected via structural members in anarray. The force is proportional to the distance between respectivestructures, where torque is proportional to force times radius. As such,under one arrangement, the magnetic field emission structures of thecovered structural assembly 2116 include a turning mechanism enablingthem to be aligned or misaligned in order to assemble or disassemble thecovered structural assembly. Under another arrangement, the magneticfield emission structures do not include a turning mechanism.

FIGS. 22-24 depict uses of arrays of electromagnets used to produce amagnetic field emission structure that is moved in time relative to asecond magnetic field emission structure associated with an objectthereby causing the object to move.

FIG. 22 depicts a table 2202 having a two-dimensional electromagneticarray 2204 beneath its surface as seen via a cutout. On the table 2202is a movement platform 2206 comprising at least one table contact member2208. The movement platform 2206 is shown having four table contactmembers 2208 each having a magnetic field emission structure 1802 b thatwould be attracted by the electromagnet array 2204. Computerized controlof the states of individual electromagnets of the electromagnet array2204 determines whether they are on or off and determines theirpolarity. A first example 2210 depicts states of the electromagneticarray 2204 configured to cause one of the table contact members 2208 toattract to a subset of the electromagnets corresponding to the magneticfield emission structure 1802 a. A second example 2212 depicts differentstates of the electromagnetic array 2204 configured to cause the tablecontact member 2208 to be attracted (i.e., move) to a different subsetof the electromagnetic corresponding to the magnetic field emissionstructure 1802 a. Per the two examples, one skilled in the art canrecognize that the table contact member(s) can be moved about table 2202by varying the states of the electromagnets of the electromagnetic array2204.

FIG. 23 depicts a first cylinder 2302 slightly larger than a secondcylinder 2304 contained inside the first cylinder 2302. A magnetic fieldemission structure 2306 is placed around the first cylinder 2302 (oroptionally around the second cylinder 2304). An array of electromagnets(not shown) is associated with the second cylinder 2304 (or optionallythe first cylinder 2302) and their states are controlled to create amoving mirror image magnetic field emission structure to which themagnetic field emission structure 2306 is attracted so as to cause thefirst cylinder 2302 (or optionally the second cylinder 2304) to rotaterelative to the second cylinder 2304 (or optionally the first cylinder2302). The magnetic field emission structures 2308, 2310, and 2312produced by the electromagnetic array at time t=n, t=n+1, and t=n+2,show a pattern mirroring that of the magnetic field emission structure2306 around the first cylinder 2302. (Note: The mirror image notationemployed for structures 2308, 2310, and 2310 is the same as previouslyused for FIG. 14 a and in several other figures.) The pattern is shownmoving downward in time so as to cause the first cylinder 2302 to rotatecounterclockwise. As such, the speed and direction of movement of thefirst cylinder 2302 (or the second cylinder 2304) can be controlled viastate changes of the electromagnets making up the electromagnetic array.Also depicted in FIG. 23 is a electromagnetic array 2314 thatcorresponds to a track that can be placed on a surface such that amoving mirror image magnetic field emission structure can be used tomove the first cylinder 2302 backward or forward on the track using thesame code shift approach shown with magnetic field emission structures2308, 2310, and 2312.

FIG. 24 depicts a first sphere 2402 slightly larger than a second sphere2404 contained inside the first sphere 2402. A magnetic field emissionstructure 2406 is placed around the first sphere 2402 (or optionallyaround the second sphere 2404). An array of electromagnets (not shown)is associated with the second sphere 2404 (or optionally the firstsphere 2402) and their states are controlled to create a moving mirrorimage magnetic field emission structure to which the magnetic fieldemission structure 2406 is attracted so as to cause the first sphere2402 (or optionally the second sphere 2404) to rotate relative to thesecond sphere 2404 (or optionally the first sphere 2402). The magneticfield emission structures 2408, 2410, and 2412 produced by theelectromagnetic array at time t=n, t=n+1, and t=n+2, show a patternmirroring that of the magnetic field emission structure 2406 around thefirst sphere 2402. (Note: The notation for a mirror image employed isthe same as with FIG. 14 a and other figures). The pattern is shownmoving downward in time so as to cause the first sphere 2402 to rotatecounterclockwise and forward. As such, the speed and direction ofmovement of the first sphere 2402 (or the second sphere 2404) can becontrolled via state changes of the electromagnets making up theelectromagnetic array. Also note that the electromagnets and/or magneticfield emission structure could extend so as to completely cover thesurface(s) of the first and/or second spheres 2402, 2404 such that themovement of the first sphere 2402 (or second sphere 2404) can becontrolled in multiple directions along multiple axes. Also depicted inFIG. 24 is an electromagnetic array 2414 that corresponds to a trackthat can be placed on a surface such that moving magnetic field emissionstructure can be used to move first sphere 2402 backward or forward onthe track using the same code shift approach shown with magnetic fieldemission structures 2408, 2410, and 2412. A cylinder 2416 is shownhaving a first electromagnetic array 2414 a and a second electromagneticarray 2414 b which would control magnetic field emission structures tocause sphere 2402 to move backward or forward in the cylinder.

FIGS. 25-27 depict a correlating surface being wrapped back on itself toform either a cylinder (disc, wheel), a sphere, and a conveyorbelt/tracked structure that when moved relative to a mirror imagecorrelating surface will achieve strong traction and a holding (orgripping) force. Any of these rotary devices can also be operatedagainst other rotary correlating surfaces to provide gear-likeoperation. Since the hold-down force equals the traction force, thesegears can be loosely connected and still give positive, non-slippingrotational accuracy. Correlated surfaces can be perfectly smooth andstill provide positive, non-slip traction. As such, they can be made ofany substance including hard plastic, glass, stainless steel or tungstencarbide. In contrast to legacy friction-based wheels the traction forceprovided by correlated surfaces is independent of the friction forcesbetween the traction wheel and the traction surface and can be employedwith low friction surfaces. Devices moving about based on magnetictraction can be operated independently of gravity for example inweightless conditions including space, underwater, vertical surfaces andeven upside down.

If the surface in contact with the cylinder is in the form of a belt,then the traction force can be made very strong and still benon-slipping and independent of belt tension. It can replace, forexample, toothed, flexible belts that are used when absolutely noslippage is permitted. In a more complex application the moving belt canalso be the correlating surface for self-mobile devices that employcorrelating wheels. If the conveyer belt is mounted on a movable vehiclein the manner of tank treads then it can provide formidable traction toa correlating surface or to any of the other rotating surfaces describedhere.

FIG. 25 depicts an alternative approach to that shown in FIG. 23. InFIG. 25 a cylinder 2302 having a first magnetic field emission structure2306 and being turned clockwise or counter-clockwise by some force willroll along a second magnetic field emission structure 2502 having mirrorcoding as the first magnetic field emission structure 2306. Thus,whereas in FIG. 23, an electromagnetic array was shifted in time tocause forward or backward movement, the fixed magnetic field emissionstructure 2502 values provide traction and a gripping (i.e., holding)force as cylinder 2302 is turned by another mechanism (e.g., a motor).The gripping force would remain substantially constant as the cylindermoved down the track independent of friction or gravity and couldtherefore be used to move an object about a track that moved up a wall,across a ceiling, or in any other desired direction within the limits ofthe gravitational force (as a function of the weight of the object)overcoming the spatial force of the aligning magnetic field emissionstructures. The approach of FIG. 25 can also be combined with theapproach of FIG. 23 whereby a first cylinder having an electromagneticarray is used to turn a second cylinder having a magnetic field emissionstructure that also achieves traction and a holding force with a mirrorimage magnetic field emission structure corresponding to a track.

FIG. 26 depicts an alternative approach to that shown in FIG. 24. InFIG. 26 a sphere 2402 having a first magnetic field emission structure2406 and being turned clockwise or counter-clockwise by some force willroll along a second magnetic field emission structure 2602 having mirrorcoding as the first magnetic field emission structure 2406. Thus,whereas in FIG. 24, an electromagnetic array was shifted in time tocause forward or backward movement, the fixed second magnetic fieldemission structure 2602 values provide traction and a gripping (i.e.,holding) force as sphere 2402 is turned by another mechanism (e.g., amotor). The gripping force would remain substantially constant as thesphere 2402 moved down the track independent of friction or gravity andcould therefore be used to move an object about a track that moved up awall, across a ceiling, or in any other desired direction within thelimits of the gravitational force (as a function of the weight of theobject) overcoming the spatial force of the aligning magnetic fieldemission structures. A cylinder 2416 is shown having a first magneticfield emission structure 2602 a and second magnetic field emissionstructure 2602 b which have mirror coding as magnetic field emissionstructure 2406. As such they work together to provide a gripping forcecausing sphere 2402 to move backward or forward in the cylinder 2416with precision alignment.

FIG. 27 a and FIG. 27 b depict an arrangement where a first magneticfield emission structure 2702 wraps around two cylinders 2302 such thata much larger portion 2704 of the first magnetic field emissionstructure is in contact with a second magnetic field emission structure2502 having mirror coding as the first magnetic field emission structure2702. As such, the larger portion 2704 directly corresponds to a largergripping force.

An alternative approach for using a correlating surface is to have amagnetic field emission structure on an object (e.g, an athlete's orastronaut's shoe) that is intended to partially correlate with thecorrelating surface regardless of how the surface and the magnetic fieldemission structure are aligned. Essentially, correlation areas would berandomly placed such the object (shoe) would achieve partial correlation(gripping force) as it comes randomly in contact with the surface. Forexample, a runner on a track wearing shoes having a magnetic fieldemission structure with partial correlation encoding could receive sometraction from the partial correlations that would occur as the runnerwas running on a correlated track.

FIGS. 28 a through 28 d depict a manufacturing method for producingmagnetic field emission structures. In FIG. 28 a, a first magnetic fieldemission structure 1802 a comprising an array of individual magnets isshown below a ferromagnetic material 2800 a (e.g., iron) that is tobecome a second magnetic field emission structure having the same codingas the first magnetic field emission structure 1802 a. In FIG. 28 b, theferromagnetic material 2800 a has been heated to its Curie temperature(for antiferromagnetic materials this would instead be the Neeltemperature). The ferromagnetic material 2800 a is then brought incontact with the first magnetic field emission structure 1802 a andallowed to cool. Thereafter, the ferromagnetic material 2800 a takes onthe same magnetic field emission structure properties of the firstmagnetic field emission structure 1802 a and becomes a magnetizedferromagnetic material 2800 b, which is itself a magnetic field emissionstructure, as shown in FIG. 28 c. As depicted in FIG. 28 d, shouldanother ferromagnetic material 2800 a be heated to its Curie temperatureand then brought in contact with the magnetized ferromagnetic material2800 b, it too will take on the magnetic field emission structureproperties of the magnetized ferromagnetic material 2800 b as previouslyshown in FIG. 28 c.

An alternative method of manufacturing a magnetic field emissionstructure from a ferromagnetic material would be to use one or morelasers to selectively heat up field emission source locations on theferromagnetic material to the Curie temperature and then subject thelocations to a magnetic field. With this approach, the magnetic field towhich a heated field emission source location may be subjected may havea constant polarity or have a polarity varied in time so as to code therespective source locations as they are heated and cooled.

To produce superconductive magnet field structures, a correlatedmagnetic field emission structure would be frozen into a superconductive material without current present when it is cooled below itscritical temperature.

FIG. 29 depicts the addition of two intermediate layers 2902 to amagnetic field emission structure 2800 b. Each intermediate layer 2902is intended to smooth out (or suppress) spatial forces when any twomagnetic field emission structures are brought together such thatsidelobe effects are substantially shielded. An intermediate layer 2902can be active (i.e., saturable such as iron) or inactive (i.e., air orplastic).

FIGS. 30 a through 30 c provide a side view, an oblique projection, anda top view, respectively, of a magnetic field emission structure 2800 bhaving a surrounding heat sink material 3000 and an embedded killmechanism comprising an embedded wire (e.g., nichrome) coil 3002 havingconnector leads 3004. As such, if heat is applied from outside themagnetic field emission structure 2800 b, the heat sink material 3000prevents magnets of the magnetic field emission structure from reachingtheir Curie temperature. However, should it be desirable to kill themagnetic field emission structure, a current can be applied to connectorleads 3004 to cause the wire coil 3002 to heat up to the Curietemperature. Generally, various types of heat sink and/or killmechanisms can be employed to enable control over whether a givenmagnetic field emission structure is subjected to heat at or above theCurie temperature. For example, instead of embedding a wire coil, anichrome wire might be plated onto individual magnets.

FIG. 31 a depicts an oblique projection of a first pair of magneticfield emission structures 3102 and a second pair of magnetic fieldemission structures 3104 each having magnets indicated by dashed lines.Above the second pair of magnetic field emission structures 3104 (shownwith magnets) is another magnetic field emission structure where themagnets are not shown, which is intended to provide clarity to theinterpretation of the depiction of the two magnetic field emissionstructures 3104 below. Also shown are top views of the circumferences ofthe first and second pair of magnetic field emission structures 3102 and3104. As shown, the first pair of magnetic field emission structures3102 have a relatively small number of relatively large (and stronger)magnets when compared to the second pair of magnetic field emissionstructures 3104 that have a relatively large number of relatively small(and weaker) magnets. For this figure, the peak spatial force for eachof the two pairs of magnetic field emission structures 3102 and 3104 arethe same. However, the distances D1 and D2 at which the magnetic fieldsof each of the pairs of magnetic field emission structures 3102 and 3104substantially interact (shown by up and down arrows) depends on thestrength of the magnets and the area over which they are distributed. Assuch, the much larger surface of the second magnetic field emissionstructure 3104 having much smaller magnets will not substantiallyattract until much closer than that of first magnetic field emissionstructure 3102. This magnetic strength per unit area attribute as wellas a magnetic spatial frequency (i.e., # magnetic reversals per unitarea) can be used to design structures to meet safety requirements. Forexample, two magnetic field emission structures 3104 can be designed tonot have significant attraction force if a finger is between them (or inother words the structures wouldn't have significant attraction forceuntil they are substantially close together thereby reducing (if notpreventing) the opportunity/likelihood for body parts or other thingssuch as clothing getting caught in between the structures).

FIG. 31 b depicts a magnetic field emission structure 3106 made up of asparse array of large magnetic sources 3108 combined with a large numberof smaller magnetic sources 3110 whereby alignment with a mirror imagemagnetic field emission structure would be provided by the large sourcesand a repel force would be provided by the smaller sources. Generally,as was the case with FIG. 31 a, the larger (i.e., stronger) magnetsachieve a significant attraction force (or repelling force) at a greaterseparation distance than smaller magnets. Because of thischaracteristic, combinational structures having magnetic sources ofdifferent strengths can be constructed that effectively have two (ormore) spatial force functions corresponding to the different levels ofmagnetic strengths employed. As the magnetic field emission structuresare brought closer together, the spatial force function of the strongestmagnets is first to engage and the spatial force functions of the weakermagnets will engage when the magnetic field emission structures aremoved close enough together at which the spatial force functions of thedifferent sized magnets will combine. Referring back to FIG. 31 b, thesparse array of stronger magnets 3108 is coded such that it cancorrelate with a mirror image sparse array of comparable magnets.However, the number and polarity of the smaller (i.e., weaker) magnets3110 can be tailored such that when the two magnetic field emissionstructures are substantially close together, the magnetic force of thesmaller magnets can overtake that of the larger magnets 3108 such thatan equilibrium will be achieved at some distance between the twomagnetic field emission structures. As such, alignment can be providedby the stronger magnets 3108 but contact of the two magnetic fieldemission structures can be prevented by the weaker magnets 3110.Similarly, the smaller, weaker magnets can be used to add extraattraction strength between the two magnetic field emission structures.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the all sorts of differentcombinations of magnets having different strengths can be oriented invarious ways to achieve desired spatial forces as a function oforientation and separation distance between two magnetic field emissionstructures. For example, a similar aligned attract-repel equilibriummight be achieved by grouping the sparse array of larger magnets 3108tightly together in the center of magnetic field emission structure3106. Moreover, combinations of correlated and non-correlated magnetscan be used together, for example, the weaker magnets 3110 of FIG. 31 bmay all be uncorrelated magnets. Furthermore, one skilled in the artwill recognize that such an equilibrium enables frictionless traction(or hold) forces to be maintained and that such techniques could beemployed for many of the exemplary drawings provided herein. Forexample, the magnetic field emission structures of the two spheres shownin FIG. 24 could be configured such that the spheres never come intodirect contact, which could be used, for example, to producefrictionless ball joints.

FIG. 32 depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure assemblyapparatus comprising one or more vacuum tweezers 3202 that are capableof placing magnets 100 a and 100 b having first and second polaritiesinto machined holes 3204 in a support frame 3206. Magnets 100 a and 100b are taken from at least one magnet supplying device 3208 and insertedinto holes 3204 of support frame 3206 in accordance with a desired code.Under one arrangement, two magnetic tweezers are employed with eachbeing integrated with its own magnet supply device 3208 allowing thevacuum tweezers 3202 to only move to the next hole 3204 whereby a magnetis fed into vacuum tweezers 3202 from inside the device. Magnets 100 aand 100 b may be held in place in a support frame 3206 using an adhesive(e.g., a glue). Alternatively, holes 3204 and magnets 100 a and 100 bcould have threads whereby vacuum tweezers 3202 or an alternativeinsertion tool would screw them into place. A completed magnetic fieldassembly 3210 is also depicted in FIG. 32. Under an alternativearrangement the vacuum tweezers would place more than one magnet into aframe 3206 at a time to include placing all magnets at one time. Understill another arrangement, an array of coded electromagnets 3212 is usedto pick up and place at one time all the magnets 3214 to be placed intothe frame 3206 where the magnets are provided by a magnet supplyingdevice 3216 that resembles the completed magnetic field assembly 3210such that magnets are fed into each supplying hole from beneath (asshown in 3208) and where the coded electromagnets attract the entirearray of loose magnets. With this approach the array of electromagnets3212 may be recessed such that there is a guide 3218 for each loosemagnet as is the case with the bottom portion of the vacuum tweezers3202. With this approach, an entire group of loose magnets can beinserted into a frame 3206 and when a previously applied sealant hasdried sufficiently the array of electromagnets 3212 can be turned so asto release the now placed magnets. Under an alternative arrangement themagnetic field emission structure assembly apparatus would be put underpressure. Vacuum can also be used to hold magnets into a support frame3206.

As described above, vacuum tweezers can be used to handle the magnetsduring automatic placement manufacturing. However, the force of vacuum,i.e. 14.7 psi, on such a small surface area may not be enough to competewith the magnetic force. If necessary, the whole manufacturing unit canbe put under pressure. The force of a vacuum is a function of thepressure of the medium. If the workspace is pressurize to 300 psi (about20 atmospheres) the force on a tweezer tip 1/16″ across would be about 1pound which depending on the magnetic strength of a magnet might besufficient to compete with its magnetic force. Generally, the psi can beincreased to whatever is needed to produce the holding force necessaryto manipulate the magnets.

If the substrate that the magnets are placed in have tiny holes in theback then vacuum can also be used to hold them in place until the finalprocess affixes them permanently with, for example, ultraviolet curingglue. Alternatively, the final process by involve heating the substrateto fuse them all together, or coating the whole face with a sealant andthen wiping it clean (or leaving a thin film over the magnet faces)before curing. The vacuum gives time to manipulate the assembly whilewaiting for whatever adhesive or fixative is used.

FIG. 33 depicts a cylinder 2302 having a first magnetic field emissionstructure 2306 on the outside of the cylinder where the code pattern1402 a is repeated six times around the cylinder. Beneath the cylinder2302 is an object 3302 having a curved surface with a slightly largercurvature as does the cylinder 2302 (such as the curvature of cylinder2304) and having a second magnetic field emission structure 3304 that isalso coded using the code pattern 1402 a. The cylinder 2302 is turned ata rotational rate of 1 rotation per second by shaft 3306. Thus, as thecylinder 2302 turns, six times a second the code pattern 1402 a of thefirst magnetic field emission structure 2306 of the cylinder 2302 alignswith the second magnetic field emission structure 3304 of the object3302 causing the object 3302 to be repelled (i.e., moved downward) bythe peak spatial force function of the two magnetic field emissionstructures 2306, 3304. Similarly, had the second magnetic field emissionstructure 3304 been coded using code pattern 1402 b, then 6 times asecond the code pattern 1402 a of the first magnetic field emissionstructure 2306 of the cylinder 2302 aligns with the second magneticfield emission structure 3304 of the object 3302 causing the object 3302to be attracted (i.e., moved upward) by the peak spatial force functionof the two magnetic field emission structures. Thus, the movement of thecylinder 2302 and corresponding first magnetic field emission structure2306 can be used to control the movement of the object 3302 having itscorresponding second magnetic field emission structure 3304. Additionalmagnetic field emission structures and/or other devices capable ofcontrolling movement (e.g., springs) can also be used to controlmovement of the object 3302 based upon the movement of the firstmagnetic field emission structure 2306 of the cylinder 2302. One skilledin the art will recognize that a shaft 3306 may be turned as a result ofwind turning a windmill, a water wheel or turbine, ocean wave movement,and other methods whereby movement of the object 3302 can result fromsome source of energy scavenging. Another example of energy scavengingthat could result in movement of object 3302 based on magnetic fieldemission structures is a wheel of a vehicle that would correspond to acylinder 2302 where the shaft 3306 would correspond to the wheel axle.Generally, the present invention can be used in accordance with one ormore movement path functions of one or more objects each associated withone or more magnetic field emission structures, where each movement pathfunction defines the location and orientation over time of at least oneof the one or more objects and thus the corresponding location andorientation over time of the one or more magnetic field emissionstructures associated with the one or more objects. Furthermore, thespatial force functions of the magnetic field emission structures can becontrolled over time in accordance with such movement path functions aspart of a process which may be controlled in an open-loop or closed-loopmanner. For example, the location of a magnetic field emission structureproduced using an electromagnetic array may be moved, the coding of sucha magnetic field emission structure can be changed, the strengths ofmagnetic sources can be varied, etc. As such, the present inventionenables the spatial forces between objects to be precisely controlled inaccordance with their movement and also enables movement of objects tobe precisely controlled in accordance with such spatial forces.

FIG. 34 depicts a valve mechanism 3400 based upon the sphere of FIG. 24where a magnetic field emission structure 2414 is varied to move thesphere 2402 upward or downward in a cylinder having a first opening 3404having a circumference less than or equal to that of a sphere 2402 and asecond opening 3406 having a circumference greater than the sphere 2402.As such, a magnetic field emission structure 2414 can be varied such asdescribed in relation to FIG. 24 to control the movement of the sphere2402 so as to control the flow rate of a gas or liquid through the valve3402. Similarly, a valve mechanism 3400 can be used as a pressurecontrol valve. Furthermore, the ability to move an object within anotherobject having a decreasing size enables various types of sealingmechanisms that can be used for the sealing of windows, refrigerators,freezers, food storage containers, boat hatches, submarine hatches,etc., where the amount of sealing force can be precisely controlled. Oneskilled in the art will recognized that many different types of sealmechanisms to include gaskets, o-rings, and the like can be employedwith the present invention.

FIG. 35 depicts a cylinder apparatus 3500 where a movable object such assphere 2042 or closed cylinder 3502 having a first magnetic fieldemission structure 2406 is moved in a first direction or in secondopposite direction in a cylinder 2416 having second magnetic fieldemission structure 2414 a (and optionally 2414 b). By sizing the movableobject (e.g., a sphere or a closed cylinder) such that an effective sealis maintained in cylinder 2416, the cylinder apparatus 3500 can be usedas a hydraulic cylinder, pneumatic cylinder, or gas cylinder. In asimilar arrangement cylinder apparatus 3500 can be used as a pumpingdevice.

As described herein, magnetic field emission structures can be producedwith any desired arrangement of magnetic (or electric) field sources.Such sources may be placed against each other, placed in a sparse array,placed on top of, below, or within surfaces that may be flat or curved.Such sources may be in multiple layers (or planes), may have desireddirectionality characteristics, and so on. Generally, by varyingpolarities, positions, and field strengths of individual field sourcesover time, one skilled in the art can use the present invention toachieve numerous desired attributes. Such attributes include, forexample:

-   -   Precision alignment, position control, and movement control    -   Non-wearing attachment    -   Repeatable and consistent behavior    -   Frictionless holding force/traction    -   Ease/speed/accuracy of assembly/disassembly    -   Increased architectural strength    -   Reduced training requirements    -   Increased safety    -   Increased reliability    -   Ability to control the range of force    -   Quantifiable, sustainable spatial forces (e.g., holding force,        sealing force, etc.)    -   Increased maintainability/lifetime    -   Efficiency

FIGS. 36 a through 36 g provide a few more examples of how magneticfield sources can be arranged to achieve desirable spatial forcefunction characteristics. FIG. 36 a depicts an exemplary magnetic fieldemission structure 3600 made up of rings about a circle. As shown, eachring comprises one magnet having an identified polarity. Similarstructures could be produced using multiple magnets in each ring, whereeach of the magnets in a given ring is the same polarity as the othermagnets in the ring, or each ring could comprise correlated magnets.Generally, circular rings, whether single layer or multiple layer, andwhether with or without spaces between the rings, can be used forelectrical, fluid, and gas connectors, and other purposes where theycould be configured to have a basic property such that the larger thering, the harder it would be to twist the connector apart. As shown inFIG. 36 b, one skilled in the art would recognize that a hinge 3602could be constructed using alternating magnetic field emissionstructures attached two objects where the magnetic field emissionstructures would be interleaved so that they would align (i.e.,effectively lock) but they would still pivot about an axes extendingthough their innermost circles. FIG. 36 c depicts an exemplary magneticfield emission structure 3604 having sources resembling spokes of awheel. FIG. 36 d depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure3606 resembling a rotary encoder where instead of on and off encoding,the sources are encoded such that their polarities vary. The use of amagnetic field emission structure in accordance with the presentinvention instead of on and off encoding should eliminate alignmentproblems of conventional rotary encoders.

FIG. 36 e depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure havingsources arranged as curved spokes. FIG. 36 f depicts an exemplarymagnetic field emission structure made up of hexagon-shaped sources.FIG. 36 g depicts an exemplary magnetic field emission structure made upof triangular sources. FIG. 36 h depicts an exemplary magnetic fieldemission structure made up of partially overlapped diamond-shapedsources. Generally, the sources making up a magnetic field emissionstructure can have any shape and multiple shapes can be used within agiven magnetic field emission structure. Under one arrangement, one ormore magnetic field emission structures correspond to a Fractal code.

FIG. 37 a and FIG. 37 b show two magnet structures 3704 a, 3704 b codedusing a Golomb ruler code. A Golomb ruler is a set of marks on a rulersuch that no two marks are the same distance from any other two marks.Two identical Golomb rulers may be slid by one another with only onemark at a time aligning with the other ruler except at the sliding pointwhere all marks align. Referring to FIG. 37 a, magnets 3702 of structure3704 a are placed at positions 0, 1, 4, 9 and 11, where all magnets areoriented in the same polarity direction. Pointer 3710 indicates theposition of cluster 3704 a against scale 3708. The stationary basestructure 3704 b uses the same relative magnet positioning patternshifted to begin at position 11.

FIG. 37 b shows the normal (perpendicular) magnetic force 3706 as afunction of the sliding position between the two structures 3704 a and3704 b of FIG. 37 a. Note that only one magnet pair lines up between thetwo structures for any sliding position except at position 5 and 17,where no magnet pairs line up, and at position 11, where all five magnetpairs line up. Because all magnets are in the same direction, themisaligned force value is 1, indicating attraction. Alternatively, someof the magnet polarities may be reversed according to a second code orpattern (with a complementary pattern on the complementary magnetstructure) causing the misaligned force to alternate between 1 and −1,but not to exceed a magnitude of 1. The aligned force would remain at 5if both magnet structures have the same polarity pattern. Table 5 showsa number of exemplary Golomb ruler codes. Golomb rulers of higher ordersup to 24 can be found in the literature.

TABLE 5 Golomb Ruler Codes order length marks 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 3 3 0 1 3 46 0 1 4 6 5 11 0 1 4 9 11 0 2 7 8 11 6 17 0 1 4 10 12 17 0 1 4 10 15 170 1 8 11 13 17 0 1 8 12 14 17 7 25 0 1 4 10 18 23 25 0 1 7 11 20 23 25 01 11 16 19 23 25 0 2 3 10 16 21 25 0 2 7 13 21 22 25

Golomb ruler codes offer a force ratio according to the order of thecode, e.g., for the order 5 code of FIG. 37 a, the aligned force to thehighest misaligned force is 5:1. Where the magnets are of differingpolarities, the ratio may be positive or negative, depending on theshift value.

Costas arrays are one example of a known two dimensional code. CostasArrays may be considered the two dimensional analog of the onedimensional Golomb rulers. Lists of known Costas arrays are available inthe literature. In addition, Welch-Costas arrays may be generated usingthe Welch technique. Alternatively, Costas arrays may be generated usingthe Lempel-Golomb technique.

FIG. 37 c shows an exemplary Costas array. Referring to FIG. 37 c, thegrid 3712 shows coordinate positions. The “+” 3714 indicates a locationcontaining a magnet, blank 3716 in a grid location indicates no magnet.Each column contains a single magnet, thus the array of FIG. 37 c may bespecified as {2,1,3,4}, specifying the row number in each successivecolumn that contains a magnet. Additional known arrays up to order 5(five magnets in a 5×5 grid) are as follows, where N is the order:

N=1

{1}

N=2

{1,2} {2,1}

N=3

{1,3,2} {2,1,3} {2,3,1} {3,1,2}

N=4

{1,2,4,3} {1,3,4,2} {1,4,2,3} {2,1,3,4} {2,3,1,4} {2,4,3,1} {3,1,2,4}{3,2,4,1}{3,4,2,1} {4,1,3,2} {4,2,1,3} {4,3,1,2}

N=5

{1,3,4,2,5} {1,4,2,3,5} {1,4,3,5,2} {1,4,5,3,2} {1,5,3,2,4} {1,5,4,2,3}{2,1,4,5,3}{2,1,5,3,4} {2,3,1,5,4} {2,3,5,1,4} {2,3,5,4,1} {2,4,1,5,3}{2,4,3,1,5} {2,5,1,3,4}{2,5,3,4,1} {2,5,4,1,3} {3,1,2,5,4} {3,1,4,5,2}{3,1,5,2,4} {3,2,4,5,1} {3,4,2,1,5}{3,5,1,4,2} {3,5,2,1,4} {3,5,4,1,2}{4,1,2,5,3} {4,1,3,2,5} {4,1,5,3,2} {4,2,3,5,1}{4,2,5,1,3} {4,3,1,2,5}{4,3,1,5,2} {4,3,5,1,2} {4,5,1,3,2} {4,5,2,1,3} {5,1,2,4,3}{5,1,3,4,2}{5,2,1,3,4} {5,2,3,1,4} {5,2,4,3,1} {5,3,2,4,1}

Additional Costas arrays may be formed by flipping the array (reversingthe order) vertically for a first additional array and by flippinghorizontally for a second additional array and by transposing(exchanging row and column numbers) for a third additional array. Costasarray magnet structures may be further modified by reversing or notreversing the polarity of each successive magnet according to a secondcode or pattern as previously described with respect to Golomb rulercodes.

Additional codes including polarity codes, ruler or spacing codes orcombinations of ruler and polarity codes of one or two dimensions may befound by computer search. The computer search may be performed byrandomly or pseudorandomly or otherwise generating candidate patterns,testing the properties of the patterns, and then selecting patterns thatmeet desired performance criteria. Exemplary performance criteriainclude, but are not limited to, peak force, maximum misaligned force,width of peak force function as measured at various offset displacementsfrom the peak and as determined as a force ratio from the peak force,polarity of misaligned force, compactness of structure, performance ofcodes with sets of codes, or other criteria. The criteria may be applieddifferently for different degrees of freedom.

Additional codes may be found by using magnets having different magneticfield strengths (e.g., as measured in gauss). Normalized measurementmethods may involve multiple strengths (e.g., 2, 3, 7, 12) or fractionalstrengths (e.g. ½, 1.7, 3.3).

In accordance with one embodiment, a desirable coded magnet structuregenerally has a non-regular pattern of magnet polarities and/orspacings. The non-regular pattern may include at least one adjacent pairof magnets with reversed polarities, e.g., +, −, or −, +, and at leastone adjacent pair of magnets with the same polarities, e.g., +, + or −,−. Quite often code performance can be improved by having one or moreadditional adjacent magnet pairs with differing polarities or one ormore additional adjacent magnet pairs with the same polarities.Alternatively, or in combination, the coded magnet structure may includemagnets having at least two different spacings between adjacent magnetsand may include additional different spacings between adjacent magnets.In some embodiments, the magnet structure may comprise regular ornon-regular repeating subsets of non-regular patterns.

FIGS. 38 a through 38 e illustrate exemplary ring magnet structuresbased on linear codes. Referring to FIG. 38 a, ring magnet structure3802 comprises seven magnets arranged in a circular ring with the magnetaxes perpendicular to the plane of the ring and the interface surface isparallel to the plane of the ring. The exemplary magnet polarity patternor code shown in FIG. 38 a is the Barker 7 code. One may observe the “+,+, +, −, −, +, −” pattern beginning with magnet 3804 and movingclockwise as indicated by arrow 3806. A further interesting feature ofthis configuration is that the pattern may be considered to then wrap onit and effectively repeat indefinitely as one continues around thecircle multiple times. Thus, one could use cyclic linear codes arrangedin a circle to achieve cyclic code performance for rotational motionaround the ring axis. The Barker 7 base pattern shown would be pairedwith a complementary ring magnet structure placed on top of the magnetstructure face shown. As the complementary ring magnet structure isrotated, the force pattern can be seen to be equivalent to that of FIG.10 because the complementary magnet structure is always overlapping ahead to tail Barker 7 cyclic code pattern.

FIG. 38 b shows a magnet structure based on the ring code 3802 of FIG.38 a with an additional magnet in the center. Magnet structure 3808 hasan even number of magnets. At least two features of interest aremodified by the addition of the magnet 3810 in the center. For rotationabout the ring axis, one may note that the center magnet pair (in thebase and in the complementary structure) remains aligned for allrotations. Thus, the center magnet pair adds a constant attraction orrepelling force. Such magnets are referred to herein as biasing magnetsources. When using such magnets, the graph of FIG. 10 would be shiftedfrom a repelling force of −1 and attracting force of 7 to a repellingforce of 0 and an attracting force of 8 such that the magneticstructures would yield a neutral force when not aligned. Note also thatthe central magnet pair may be any value, for example −3, yielding anequal magnitude repelling and attracting force of −4 and +4,respectively.

In a further alternative, a center magnet 3810 may be paired in thecomplementary structure with a non-magnetized, magnetic iron or steelpiece. The center magnet would then provide attraction, no matter whichpolarity is chosen for the center magnet.

A second feature of the center magnet of FIG. 38 b is that for a valueof −1 as shown, the total number of magnets in the positive direction isequal to the total number of magnets in the negative direction. Thus, inthe far field, the magnetic field approaches zero, minimizingdisturbances to such things as magnetic compasses and the like.

FIG. 38 c illustrates two concentric rings, each based on a linearcyclic code, resulting in magnet structure 3812. An inner ring 3802 isas shown in FIG. 38 a, beginning with magnet 3804. An outer ring is alsoa Barker 7 code beginning with magnet 3814. Beginning the outer ring onthe opposite side as the inner ring keeps the plusses and minusessomewhat laterally balanced.

FIG. 38 d illustrates the two concentric rings of FIG. 38 c wherein theouter ring magnets are the opposite polarity of adjacent inner ringmagnets resulting in magnet structure 3816. The inner ring Barker 7begins with magnet 3804. The outer ring Barker 7 is a negative Barker 7beginning with magnet 3818. Each outer ring magnet is the opposite ofthe immediate clockwise inner ring adjacent magnet. Since the far fieldmagnetic field is cancelled in adjacent pairs, the field decays asrapidly as possible from the equal and opposite magnet configuration.More generally, linear codes may be constructed of opposite polaritypairs to minimize far field magnetic effects.

FIG. 38 e illustrates a Barker 7 inner ring and Barker 13 outer ring.The Barker 7 begins with magnet 3804 and the Barker 13 begins withmagnet 3822. The result is composite ring magnet structure 3820.

Although Barker codes are shown in FIGS. 38 a through 38 e, other codesmay be uses as alternative codes or in combination with Barker codes,particularly in adjacent rings. Maximal Length PN codes or Kasami codes,for example, may form rings using a large number of magnets. One or tworings are shown, but any number of rings may be used. Although the ringstructure and ring codes shown are particularly useful for rotationalsystems that are mechanically constrained to prevent lateral movement asmay be provided by a central shaft or external sleeve, the rings mayalso be used where lateral position movement is permitted. It may beappreciated that a single ring, in particular, has only one or twopoints of intersection with another single ring when not aligned. Thus,non-aligned forces would be limited by this geometry in addition to codeperformance.

FIGS. 39 a through 39 g depict exemplary embodiments of two dimensionalcoded magnet structures. Referring to FIG. 39 a, the exemplary magnetstructure 3900 comprises two Barker coded magnet substructures 502 and3902. Substructure 502 comprises magnets with polarities determined by aBarker 7 length code arranged horizontally (as viewed on the page).Substructure 3902 comprises magnets with polarities also determined by aBarker 7 length code, but arranged vertically (as viewed on the page)and separated from substructure 502. In use, structure 3900 is combinedwith a complementary structure of identical shape and complementarymagnet polarity. It can be appreciated that the complementary structurewould have an attracting (or repelling, depending on design) force of 14magnet pairs when aligned. Upon shifting the complementary structure tothe right one magnet width substructure 502 and the complementaryportion would look like FIG. 5 f and have a force of zero. Substructure3902 would be shifted off to the side with no magnets overlappingproducing a force of zero. Thus, the total from both substructures 502and 3902 would be zero. As the complementary structure is continued tobe shifted to the right, substructure 502 would generate alternatelyzero and −1. The resulting graph would look like FIG. 6 except that thepeak would be 14 instead of 7. It can be further appreciated thatsimilar results would be obtained for vertical shifts due to thesymmetry of the structure 3900. Diagonal movements where thecomplementary structure for 3902 overlaps 502 can only intersect onemagnet at a time. Thus, the peak two dimensional nonaligned force is 1or −1. Adding rotational freedom can possibly line up 3902 with 502 fora force of 7, so the code of FIG. 39 a performs best where rotation islimited.

FIG. 39 b depicts a two dimensional coded magnet structure comprisingtwo codes with a common end point component. Referring to FIG. 39 b, thestructure 3903 comprises structure 502 based on a Barker 7 code runninghorizontally and structure 3904 comprising six magnets that togetherwith magnet 3906 form a Barker 7 code running vertically. Magnet 3906being common to both Barker sequences. Performance can be appreciated tobe similar to FIG. 39 a except the peak is 13.

FIG. 39 c depicts a two dimensional coded magnet structure comprisingtwo one dimensional magnet structures with a common interior pointcomponent. The structure of FIG. 39 c comprises structure 502 based on aBarker 7 code running horizontally and structure 3908 comprising sixmagnets that together with magnet 3910 form a Barker 7 code runningvertically. Magnet 3910 being common to both Barker sequences.Performance can be appreciated to be similar to FIG. 39 a except thepeak is 13. In the case of FIG. 39 c diagonal shifts can overlap twomagnet pairs.

FIG. 39 d depicts an exemplary two dimensional coded magnet structurebased on a one dimensional code. Referring to FIG. 502, a square isformed with structure 502 on one side, structure 3904 on another side.The remaining sides 3912 and 3914 are completed using negative Barker 7codes with common corner components. When paired with an attractioncomplementary structure, the maximum attraction is 24 when aligned and 2when not aligned for lateral translations in any direction includingdiagonal. Further, the maximum repelling force is −7 when shiftedlaterally by the width of the square. Because the maximum magnitudenon-aligned force is opposite to the maximum attraction, manyapplications can easily tolerate the relatively high value (comparedwith most non-aligned values of 0, ±1, or ±2) without confusion. Forexample, an object being placed in position using the magnet structurewould not stick to the −7 location. The object would only stick to the+1, +2 or +24 positions, very weakly to the +1 or +2 positions and verystrongly to the +24 position, which could easily be distinguished by theinstaller.

FIG. 39 e illustrates a two dimensional code derived by using multiplemagnet substructures based on a single dimension code placed atpositions spaced according to a Golomb Ruler code. Referring to FIG. 39e, five magnet substructures 3920-3928 with polarities determinedaccording to a Barker 7 code are spaced according to an order 5 Golombruler code at positions 0, 1, 4, 9, and 11 on scale 1930. The totalforce in full alignment is 35 magnet pairs. The maximum non-alignedforce is seven when one of the Barker substructures lines up withanother Barker 7 substructure due to a horizontal shift of thecomplementary code. A vertical shift can result in −5 magnet pairs.Diagonal shifts are a maximum of −1.

The exemplary structures of FIGS. 39 a through 39 e are shown usingBarker 7 codes, the structures may instead use any one dimension code,for example, but not limited to random, pseudo random, LFSR, Kasami,Gold, or others and may mix codes for different legs. The codes may berun in either direction and may be used in the negative version(multiplied by −1.) Further, several structures are shown with legs atan angle of 90 degrees. Other angles may be used if desired, forexample, but not limited to 60 degrees, 45 degrees, 30 degrees or otherangles. Other configurations may be easily formed by one of ordinaryskill in the art by replication, extension, substitution and otherteachings herein.

FIGS. 39 f and 39 g illustrate two dimensional magnet structures basedon the two dimensional structures of FIGS. 39 a through 39 e combinedwith Costas arrays. Referring to FIG. 39 f, the structure of FIG. 39 fis derived from the structure 3911 of FIG. 39 c replicated 3911 a-3911 dand placed at code locations 3914 based on a coordinate grid 3916 inaccordance with exemplary Costas array of FIG. 37 c. The structure ofFIG. 39 g is derived using FIG. 39 c and FIG. 37 c as described for FIG.39 f except that the scale (relative size) is changed. The structure3911 of FIG. 39 c is enlarged to generate 3911 e-3911 h, which have beenenlarged sufficiently to overlap at component 3918. Thus, the relativescale can be adjusted to trade the benefits of density (resulting inmore force per area) with the potential for increased misaligned force.

FIGS. 40 a and 40 b depict the use of multiple magnetic structures toenable attachment and detachment of two objects using another objectfunctioning as a key. It is noted that attachment of the two objectsdoes not necessarily require another object functioning as a key.Referring to FIG. 40 a, a first magnetic field structure 4002 a is codedusing a first code. A two-sided attachment mechanism 4004 has a secondmagnetic field structure 4002 b also coded using the first code suchthat it corresponds to the mirror image of the second magnetic fieldstructure 4002 a, and has a third magnetic field structure 4002 c codedusing a second code. The dual coded attachment mechanism 4004 isconfigured so that it can turn about axis 4005 allowing it to be movedso as to allow attachment to and detachment from the first magneticfield structure. The dual coded attachment mechanism 4004 may include aseparation layer 4006 consisting of a high permeability material thatkeeps the magnetic fields of the second magnetic field structure 4002 bfrom interacting with the magnetic fields of the third magnetic fieldstructure 4002 c. The dual coded attachment mechanism 4004 also includesat least tab 4008 used to stop the movement of the dual coded attachmentmechanism. A key mechanism 4010 includes a fourth magnetic fieldstructure 4002 d also coded using the second code such that itcorresponds to the mirror image of the third magnetic field structure4002 c, and includes a gripping mechanism 4012 that would typically beturned by hand. The gripping mechanism 4012 could however be attached toor replaced by an automation device. As shown, the key mechanism 4010can be attached to the dual coded attachment mechanism 4004 by aligningsubstantially the fourth magnetic field structure 4002 d with the thirdmagnetic field structure 4002 c. The gripping mechanism can then beturned about axis 4005 to turn the dual coded attachment mechanism 4004so as to align the second magnetic field structure 4002 b with the firstmagnetic field structure 4002 a, thereby attaching the dual codedattachment mechanism 4004 to the first magnetic field structure 4002 a.Typically, the first magnetic field structure would be associated with afirst object 4014, for example, a window frame, and the dual codedattachment mechanism 4004 would be associated with a second object 4016,for example, a storm shutter, as shown in FIG. 40B. For the exampledepicted in FIG. 40B, the dual coded attachment mechanism 4004 is shownresiding inside the second object 4016 thereby allowing the keymechanism to be used to attach and/or detach the two objects 4014, 4016and then be removed and stored separately. Once the two objects areattached, the means for attachment would not need to be visible tosomeone looking at the second object.

FIGS. 40 c and 40 d depict the general concept of using a tab 4008 so asto limit the movement of the dual coded attachment mechanism 4004between two travel limiters 4020 a and 4020 b. Dual coded attachmentmechanism is shown having a hole through its middle that enables is toturn about the axis 4005. Referring to FIG. 40 c, the two travellimiters 4020 a and 4020 b might be any fixed object placed at desiredlocations that limit the turning radius of the dual coded attachmentmechanism 4004. FIG. 40 d depicts an alternative approach where object4016 includes a travel channel 4022 that is configured to enable thedual coded attachment mechanism 4004 to turn about the axis 4005 usinghole 4018 and has travel limiters 4020 a and 4020 b that limit theturning radius. One skilled in the art would recognize that the tab 4008and at least one travel limiter is provided to simplify the detachmentof key mechanism 4012 from the dual coded attachment mechanism 4004.

FIG. 40 e depicts exemplary assembly of the second object 4016 which isseparated into a top part 4016 a and a bottom part 4016 b, with eachpart having a travel channel 4022 a (or 4022 b) and a spindle portion4024 a (or 4024 b). The dual coded attachment mechanism 4004 is placedover the spindle portion 4022 b of the bottom part 4016 b and then thespindle portion 4024 a of the top part 4016 is placed into the spindleportion 4022 b of the bottom part 4016 b and the top and bottom parts4016 a, 4016 b are then attached in some manner, for example, gluedtogether. As such, once assembled, the dual coded attachment mechanismis effectively hidden inside object 4016. One skilled in the art wouldrecognize that many different designs and assembly approaches could beused to achieve the same result.

In one embodiment, the attachment device may be fitted with a sensor,e.g., a switch or magnetic sensor 4026 to indicate attachment ordetachment. The sensor may be connected to a security alarm 4028 toindicate tampering or intrusion or other unsafe condition. An intrusioncondition may arise from someone prying the attachment device apart, oranother unsafe condition may arise that could be recognized by thesensor. The sensor may operate when the top part 4016 a and bottom part4016 b are separated by a predetermined amount, e.g., 2 mm or 1 cm,essentially enough to operate the switch. In a further alternative, theswitch may be configured to disregard normal separations and report onlyforced separations. For this, a second switch may be provided toindicate the rotation position of the top part 4016 a. If there is aseparation without rotating the top part, an intrusion condition wouldbe reported. The separation switch and rotation switch may be connectedtogether for combined reporting or may be separately wired for separatereporting. The switches may be connected to a controller which mayoperate a local alarm or call the owner or authorities using a silentalarm in accordance with the appropriate algorithm for the location.

In one embodiment, the sensor may be a hall effect sensor or othermagnetic sensor. The magnetic sensor may be placed behind one of themagnets of magnet structure 4002 a or in a position not occupied by amagnet of 4002 a but near a magnet of 4002 b. The magnetic sensor woulddetect the presence of a complementary magnet in 4002 b by measuring anincrease in field from the field of the proximal magnet of 4002 a andthus be able to also detect loss of magnet structure 4002 b by adecrease of magnetic field. The magnetic sensor would also be able todetect rotation of 4002 b to a release configuration by measuring adouble decrease in magnetic field strength due to covering the proximalmagnet of 4002 a with an opposite polarity magnet from magnet structure4002 b. When in an attached configuration, the magnetic field strengthwould then increase to the nominal level. Since about half of themagnets are paired with same polarity and half with opposite polaritymagnets when in the release configuration, the sensor position wouldpreferably be selected to be a position seeing a reversal in polarity ofmagnet structure 4002 b.

In operation using mechanical switches, when the key mechanism 4012 isused to rotate the dual coded attachment mechanism 4004, the stop tab4008 operates the rotation switch indicating proper entry so that whenthe attachment device is separated and the separation switch isoperated, no alarm is sounded In an intrusion situation, the separationswitch may be operated without operating the rotation switch. Theoperation of the rotation switch may be latched in the controllerbecause in some embodiments, separation may release the rotation switch.For switch operation, the stop tab 4008 or another switch operating tabmay extend from the dual coded magnet assembly to the base where thefirst coded magnet assembly 4002 a resides so that the switch may belocated elsewhere.

In operation using the magnetic sensor, normal detachment will first beobserved by a double decrease (for example 20%) in magnetic fieldstrength due to the rotation of the magnet structure 4004 b followed bya single increase (for example 10%) due to the removal of the panel.Abnormal detachment would be observed by a single decrease (for example10%) in the measured magnetic field strength. Thus, a single decrease ofthe expected amount, especially without a subsequent increase would bedetected as an alarm condition.

Alternatively, a magnetic sensor may be placed in an empty position (nothaving a magnet) in the pattern of 4002 a. Upon rotation of 4002 b tothe release position, the previously empty position would see the fullforce of a magnet of 4002 b to detect rotation.

FIGS. 41 a through 41 d depict manufacturing of a dual coded attachmentmechanism using a ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagneticmaterial. As previously described, such materials can be heated to theirCurie (or Neel) temperatures and then will take on the magneticproperties of another material when brought into proximity with thatmaterial and cooled below the Curie (or Neel) temperature. Referring toFIGS. 41 a and 41 b, a ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, orantiferromagnetic material 4102 is heated to its Curie (or Neel)temperature and one side 4104 a is brought into proximity with a firstmagnetic field structure 1802 a having desired magnetic fieldproperties. Once cooled, as shown in FIG. 41 c, the side 4104 acomprises a second magnetic field structure 1802 b having magnetic fieldproperties that mirror those of the first magnetic field structure 1802a. A similar process can be performed to place a third magnetic fieldstructure 4106 onto the second side 4104 b, which may be doneconcurrently with the placement of the second magnetic field structure1802 a onto the first side 4104 a. Depending on the thickness andproperties of the ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagneticmaterial employed, it may be necessary or desirable to use two portionsseparated by a separation layer 4106 in which case the two portions andthe separation layer would typically be attached together, for example,using an adhesive. Not shown in FIGS. 41 a through 41 d is a hole 4118,which can be drilled or otherwise placed in the ferromagnetic,ferrimagnetic, or antiferromagnetic material before or after it hasreceived its magnetic field structures.

FIGS. 42 a and 42 b depict two views of an exemplary sealable container4200 in accordance with the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 42 aand 42 b, sealable container 4200 includes a main body 4202 and a top4204. On the outside of the upper portion of the main body 4202 is amagnetic field structure 4206 a. As shown, a repeating magnetic fieldstructure 4206 a is used which repeats, for example, five times. On theinside of the top 4204 is a second magnetic field structure 4206 b thatalso repeats, for example, five times. The second magnetic fieldstructure 4206 b is the mirror image of the first magnetic fieldstructure 4206 a and can be brought into substantial alignment at anyone of five different alignment points due to the repeating of thestructures. When the top 4204 is placed over the main body 4202 andsubstantial alignment is achieved, a sloping face 4208 of the main body4202 achieves a compressive seal with a complementary sloping face 4210of the top 4202 as a result of the spatial force function correspondingto the first and second magnetic field structures.

FIGS. 42 c and 42 d depict an alternative sealable container 4200 inaccordance with the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 42 c and 42 d,the alternative sealable container 4200 is the same as the container4200 of FIGS. 42 a and 42 b except the first magnetic field structure4206 a of the main body 4202 is located on a top surface of the mainbody and does not repeat. Similarly, the second magnetic field structure4206 b of the top 4204 is located on an inner surface near the upperpart of top 4204. As such, the magnetic field structures interact in aplane perpendicular to that of FIGS. 42 a and 42 b. Moreover, since themagnetic fields do not repeat, there is only one alignment positionwhereby the top 4204 will attach to main body 4202 to achieve acompressive seal.

FIG. 42 e is intended to depict an alternative arrangement for thecomplementary sloping faces 4208, 4210, where the peak of the slopes ison the outside of the seal as opposed to the inside. FIGS. 42 f through42 h depict additional alternative shapes that could marry up with acomplementary shape to form a compressive seal. One skilled in the artwould recognize that many different such shapes can be used with thepresent invention. FIG. 42 i depicts an alternative arrangement where agasket 4226 is used, which might reside inside the top 4204 of thesealable container 4200. Various other sealing methods could also beemployed such as use of Teflon tape, joint compound, or the like.

One skilled in the art will recognize that many different kinds ofsealable container can be designed in accordance with the presentinvention. Such containers can be used for paint buckets, pharmaceuticalcontainers, food containers, etc. Such containers can be designed torelease at a specific pressure. Generally, the invention can be employedfor many different types of tube in tube applications from umbrellas, totent poles, waterproof flashlights to scaffolding, etc. The inventioncan also include a safety catch mechanism or a push button releasemechanism.

As previously described, electromagnets can be used to produce magneticfield emission structures whereby the states of the electromagnets canbe varied to change a spatial force function as defined by a code. Asdescribed below, electro-permanent magnets can also be used to producesuch magnetic field emission structures. Generally, a magnetic fieldemission structure may include an array of magnetic field emissionsources (e.g., electromagnets and/or electro-permanent magnets) eachhaving positions and polarities relating to a spatial force functionwhere at least one current source associated with at least one of themagnetic field emission sources can be used to generate an electriccurrent to change the spatial force function.

FIGS. 43 a through 43 e depict five states of an electro-permanentmagnet apparatus in accordance with the present invention. Referring toFIG. 43 a, the electro-permanent magnet apparatus includes a controller4302 that outputs a current direction control signal 4304 to currentdirection switch 4306, and a pulse trigger signal 4308 to pulsegenerator 4310. When it receives a pulse trigger signal 4308, pulsegenerator 4310 produces a pulse 4316 that travels about a permanentmagnet material 4312 via at least one coil 4314 in a directiondetermined by current direction control signal 4304. Permanent magnetmaterial 4312 can have three states: non-magnetized, magnetized withSouth-North polarity, or magnetized with North-South polarity. Permanentmagnet material 4312 is referred to as such since it will retain itsmagnetic properties until they are changed by receiving a pulse 4316. InFIG. 43 a, the permanent magnetic material is in its non-magnetizedstate. In FIG. 43 b, a pulse 4316 is generated in a first direction thatcauses the permanent magnet material 4312 to attain its South-Northpolarity state (a notation selected based on viewing the figure). InFIG. 43 c, a second pulse 4316 is generated in the opposite directionthat causes the permanent magnet to again attain its non-magnetizedstate. In FIG. 43 d, a third pulse 4316 is generated in the samedirection as the second pulse causing the permanent magnet material 4312to become to attains its North-South polarity state. In FIG. 43 e, afourth pulse 4316 is generated in the same direction as the first pulse4316 causing the permanent magnet material 4312 to once again becomenon-magnetized. As such, one skilled in the art will recognized that thecontroller 4302 can control the timing and direction of pulses tocontrol the state of the permanent magnetic material 4312 between thethree states, where directed pulses either magnetize the permanentmagnetic material 4312 with a desired polarity or cause the permanentmagnetic material 4312 to be demagnetized.

FIG. 44 a depicts an alternative electro-permanent magnet apparatus inaccordance with the present invention. Referring to FIG. 44 a, thealternative electro-permanent magnet apparatus is the same as that shownin FIGS. 43 a-43 e except the permanent magnetic material includes anembedded coil 4400. As shown in the figure, the embedded coil isattached to two leads 4402 that connect to the current direction switch4306. The pulse generator 4310 and current direction switch 4306 aregrouped together as a directed pulse generator 4404 that receivedcurrent direction control signal 4304 and pulse trigger signal 4308 fromcontroller 4302.

FIG. 44 b depicts and permanent magnetic material 4312 having sevenembedded coils 4400 a-4400 g arranged linearly. The embedded coils 4400a-4400 g have corresponding leads 4402 a-4402 g connected to sevendirected pulse generators 4404 a-4404 g that are controlled bycontroller 4302 via seven current direction control signals 4304 a-4304g and seven pulse trigger signals 4308 a-4308 g. One skilled in the artwill recognize that various arrangements of such embedded coils can beemployed including two-dimensional arrangements and three-dimensionalarrangements. One exemplary two-dimensional arrangement could beemployed with a table like the table depicted in FIG. 22.

FIGS. 45 a through 45 e depict exemplary use of helically coded magneticfield structures. Referring to FIG. 45 a a first tube 4502 a has amagnetic field structure 4504 having positions in accordance with a code4504 that defines a helix shape that wraps around the tube 4502 a muchlike threads on a screw. Referring to FIG. 45 b, a second tube 4502 bhaving a slightly greater diameter than the first tube 4502 a is codedwith the same code 4504. As such the magnetic field structure inside thesecond tube 4502 b would mirror that of the magnetic field structure onthe outside of the first tube 4502 a. As shown in FIG. 45 c, the secondtube 4502 b can be placed over the first tube 4502 a and by turning(holding the top) the second tube 4502 b counter clockwise, the secondtube 4502 b will achieve a lock with the first tube 4502 a causing thefirst tube 4502 a to be pulled 4508 a 4508 b into the second tube 4502 bas the second tube is turned while the first tube is held in place (atthe bottom). Alternatively, the first tube 4502 a can be turned counterclockwise while holding the second tube to produce the same relativemovement between the two tubes. As depicted in FIG. 45 d, by reversingthe direction which the tubes are turned from that shown in FIG. 45 c,the first tube will be drawn outside 4512 a 4512 b the second tube. FIG.45 e depicts an alternative helical coding approach where multipleinstances of the same code are used to define the magnetic fieldstructure. Similar arrangement can be employed where multiple such codesare used. The use of helically coded magnetic field structures enables avariably sized tubular structure much like certain shower curtain rods,etc. Helically coded magnetic field structures can also support wormdrives, screw drive systems, X-Y devices, screw pressing mechanisms,vices, etc.

FIGS. 46 a through 46 h depict exemplary male and female connectorcomponents. FIGS. 46 a, 46 b, and 46 c, provide a top view, front view,and back view of an exemplary male connector component 4600,respectively. Male connector component 4600 has sides 4601, a top 4602,and a hole 4603. Sides 4601 and top 4602 are magnetized in accordancewith a code 4604. FIGS. 46 d, 46 e, and 46 f, provide a top view, frontview, and back view of an exemplary female connector component 4606 a,respectively. At least a portion 4608 of the female connector component4606 a is magnetized in accordance with code 4604. As depicted, thebottom portion 4608 can be magnetized so that the inside edge of a hole4610 within the female connector component 4606 a has the mirror imagefield structure as the sides 4601 of the male connector component 4600.The diameter 4612 of the female connector component 4606 a determineswhere the female connector component 4606 a will connect with the maleconnector component 4600 when the male connector component 4606 a isplaced into the female connector component 4606 a. The connectorcomponents can then be turned relative to each other to achievealignment of their respective magnetic field structures and thereforeachieve a holding force (and seal). FIG. 46 g depicts a front view ofthe male connector component 4600 placed inside the female connectorcomponent 4606 a such that they couple near the bottom of male connectorcomponent 4606 a where the outside diameter of the male connectorcomponent is the same as the diameter 4612 of the inside edge of thehole 4610 inside the female connector component 4606 a. FIG. 46 hdepicts an alternative arrangement where the hole of the femaleconnector component 4606 b has a diameter that tapers comparably to thatof the outside diameter of the male connector component 4600. As shown,the hole 4610 varies from a first diameter 4614 to a second diameter4616. Although not depicted, the inside sides of the female connectorcomponent 4606 b could be magnetized much like the sides of the maleconnector component 4600 thereby providing more holding force (andsealing force) when their corresponding magnetic field structures arealigned.

One skilled in the art will recognize that in a manner opposite thatdepicted in FIGS. 46 a through 46 g, the male component could havestraight sides while the female connector component could have taperedsides. With this arrangement, the diameter of the outside of the maleconnector component determines where the male and female connectorcomponents would connect. This alternative connector arrangement and theconnectors depicted in FIGS. 46 a through 46 h lend themselves to allsorts of connection devices including those for connecting hoses, forexample, for carrying water, air, fuel, etc. Such connectors can also beused with various well known conventional sealing mechanisms, forexample, O-rings or such seals as described in relation to FIGS. 42 athrough 42 h. Moreover, similar connectors could

FIGS. 47 a through 47 c depict exemplary multi-level coding. Referringto FIG. 47 a, a first magnetic field structure 1402 is the mirror imageof a second magnetic field structure 1402′. Referring to FIG. 47 b, twomuch larger magnetic field structures 4700, 4702′ have cells thatcorrespond to either the first magnetic field structure 1402 or thesecond magnetic field structure 1402′. As shown in FIG. 47 b, the firstmagnetic field structures 1402 appear as being a 7S force since themagnetic field structure 1402 has seven more South poles showing on itssurface as it does North poles. Similarly, the second magnetic fieldstructures 1402′ appear as being a 7N force since the magnetic fieldstructure 1402′ has seven more North poles showing on its surface as itdoes South poles. Thus, as depicted in FIG. 47 c, as two larger magneticfield structures are held apart by a first distance 4704, theirindividual cells will appear as combined magnetic field forces of 7S or7N. But, at a second closer distance 4706, the cells will appear asindividual magnetic sources as shown in FIG. 47 a. It should be notedthat the distances shown in FIG. 47 c are arbitrarily selected todescribe the general concept of multi-level coding. It should be furthernoted that cells of the larger magnetic field structures 4702 4702′ arecoded the same as the individual magnetic sources of the first andsecond magnetic field structures 1402 1402′.

FIG. 48 a depicts an exemplary use of biasing magnet sources to affectspatial forces of magnetic field structures. Referring to FIG. 48 a, atop down view of two magnetic field structures is depicted. A firstmagnetic field structure 4800 comprises magnetic field sources arrangedin accordance with four repeating code modulos 4802 of a Barker Length 7code and also having on either side magnetic field sources having Northpolarity and a strength of 3. The individual sources have a strength of1, as was the case in the example depicted in FIGS. 9 a through 9 p. Asecond magnetic field structure 4804 is also coded in accordance withthe Barker Length 7 code such that the bottom side of the secondmagnetic field structure has the mirror image coding of the top side ofthe first magnetic field structure. Both magnetic field structures havebiasing magnets 4806 configured to always provide a repel strength of 6(or −6) whenever the second magnetic field structure 4804 is placed ontop of the first magnetic field structure 4800. When the second magneticfield structure 4804 is moved across the top of the first magnetic fieldstructure 4800 the spatial forces produced will be as depicted in FIG.48 b. When FIG. 48 b is compared to FIG. 10, one skilled in the art willrecognize that zero attraction line has moved from a first position 4808to a second position 4810 as a result of the biasing magnets 4806 andthat many different arrangements of biasing magnets can be used to varyspatial force functions by adding constant repelling or attractingforces alongside those forces that vary based on relative positioning ofmagnetic field structures.

The repeating magnetic field structures of FIG. 48 a provide a spatialforce function (depicted in FIG. 48 b) that is useful for variousapplications where one desires there to be ranges of free movement of afirst object relative to another object yet locations where the secondobject is attracted to the first object such that it will becomestationary at any of those locations. Such locations can be describes asdetents. An example application could be a window, which might be closedwhen the second magnetic field structure 4804 of FIG. 48 a is atposition 0 and move freely when being lifted yet have detents (i.e.,stopping points) at positions 7, 14, 21, etc. where the window wouldremain stationary. Such detents can be used with all sorts of differentmagnetic field structures including, for example, helically codemagnetic field structures like those depicted in FIGS. 45 a through 45e.

FIG. 49 a depicts exemplary magnetic field structures designed to enableautomatically closing drawers. The poles (+, −) depicted for themagnetic sources of the first magnetic field structure 4900 a representthe values on the top of the structure as viewed from the top. The polesdepicted for the magnetic sources of the second magnetic field structure4900 b represent the values on the bottom of the structure as viewedfrom the top. Each of the structures consists of eight columns numberedleft to right 0 to 7. The first seven rows of the structures are codedin accordance with a Barker Length 7 code 4902 or the mirror image ofthe code 4094. The eighth row of each structure is a biasing magnet4906. At the bottom of FIG. 49 a, eight different alignments 4908 athrough 4908 h of the two magnetic field structures 4900 a 4900 b areshown with the magnetic force calculated to the right of each depictedalignment. One skilled in the art will recognize that if the firststructure 4900 a was attached to a cabinet and the second structure 4900b was attached to a drawer, that a first alignment position 4908 ahaving a +6 magnetic force might be the closed position for the drawerand each of the other seven positions 4908 b through 4908 h representopen positions having a successively increasing repelling force. Withthis arrangement, a person could open the drawer and release it at anyopen position and the drawer would automatically close.

FIG. 49 b depicts an alternative example of magnetic field structuresenabling automatically closing drawers. Referring to FIG. 49 b, a thirdmagnetic field structure 4900 c is shown in place of the first magneticfield structure 4900 a of FIG. 49 a, where the magnet sources of columns3, 4, 6, and 7 are changed from the being coded in accordance with theBarker Length 7 code 4902 to being coded to be the mirror image of thecode 4904. With this arrangement, the drawer has a closed position 4908a, a half open position 4908 e and fully open position 4908 h where thedrawer will remain stationary. As such, the half open position can bedescribed as being a detent position. Generally, one skilled in the artwill recognize that magnetic field structures can be designed such as inFIGS. 49 a and 49 b so as to cause a first object to move relative to asecond object due to spatial forces produced by the magnetic fieldstructures.

FIG. 50 depicts an exemplary circular magnetic field structure.Referring to FIG. 50, a first circular object 5002 is attached to asecond circular object 5004 such that at least one of the first circularobject 5002 or the second circular object can move about an axis 5006.As shown, a first magnetic field structure 5008 comprises eight codemodulos of a Barker Length 7 code oriented in a circle such that theyform a continuous structure. A second magnetic field structure 5010 isalso coded in accordance with the Barker Length 7 code such that it isthe mirror image of any one of the eight code modulos of the firstmagnetic field structure 5008. The second magnetic field structure isshown being alongside the first magnetic field structure but can beabove or below it depending on how the two objects are oriented. Thesecond magnetic field structure could alternatively span multiple codemodulos of the first magnetic field structure to include all eight codemodulos. Additional magnetic field structures like 5010 could also beemployed. Other alternatives include multiple rings such as the firstmagnetic field structure 5008 having different radiuses. The arrangementdepicted in FIG. 50 is useful for applications such as a Lazy Susan, aroulette wheel, or a game wheel such as that used in the “Wheel ofFortune” or “The Price is Right” game shows.

FIGS. 51 a and 51 b depict a side view and a top view of an exemplarymono-field defense mechanism, respectively, which can be added to thetwo-sided attachment mechanism depicted in FIGS. 40 a and 40 b.Referring to FIGS. 51 a and 51 b, the two-sided attachment mechanismincludes first and second magnetic field structures 4002 b and 4002 cthat turn together about an axis 4005. A key (not shown) having amagnetic field structure having the same code as the second magneticfield structure 4002 c is used to turn the two-sided attachmentmechanism such that the first magnetic field structure 4002 b having adifferent code will release from a similarly coded magnetic fieldstructure attached to an object, for example a window. One approach thatmight be used to defeat the unique key is to use a large magnet capableof producing a large mono-field. If the mono-field were large enoughthen it could potentially attach to the second magnetic field structure4002 c in order to turn the two-sided mechanism. Shown in FIGS. 51 a and51 b is a defense mechanism 5102 consists of a piece of ferromagneticmaterial 5102 having a first tab 5104 and two second tabs 5106 a and5106 b. The two attachment tabs 5106 a and 5106 b normally reside justabove two first slots 5108 a and 5108 b that are in the top of the sideof the two-sided attachment mechanism that includes the second magneticfield structure 4002 c. The defense mechanism 5102 normally is situatedalongside or even attached to the bottom of the side of the two-sideattachment mechanism that includes the first magnetic field structure4002 b. It is configured to move downward when a large mono-field isapplied to the second magnetic field structure 4002 c. As such, whendefense mechanism 5102 moves downward, the two second tabs 5106 a and5106 b move into two first slots 5108 a and 5108 b and the first tabmoves into a second slot 5114 associated with an object 5112 withinwhich the two-sided attachment mechanism is installed thereby preventingthe two-sided attachment mechanism from turning. When the largemono-field is removed, the defense mechanism moves back up to its normalposition thereby allowing the two-sided attachment mechanism to turnwhen attached to an authentic key (or gripping) mechanism 4012. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that the arrangement of tabs and slotsused in this exemplary embodiment can be modified within the scope ofthe invention. Furthermore, such defense mechanisms can be designed tobe included in the region about the two-sided attachment mechanisminstead of within it so as to perform the same purpose, which is toprevent the two-sided attachment mechanism from turning when in thepresence of a large mono-field.

More generally, a defense mechanism can be used with magnetic fieldstructures to produce a tension latch rather than a twist one. A tensionlatch can be unlocked when a key mechanism is brought near it and isproperly aligned. Various arrangements can be used, for example, the keymechanism could be attached (magnetically) to the latch in order to moveit towards or away from a door jamb so as to latch or unlatch it. Withthis arrangement, the defense mechanism would come forward when amono-field is present, for example to cause a tab to go into a slot, toprevent the latch from being slid either way while the mono-field ispresent. One skilled in the art will recognize that the sheer forceproduced by two correlated magnetic structures can be used to move alatch mechanism from side-to-side, up-and-down, back-and-forth, or alongany path (e.g., a curved path) within a plane that is parallel to thesurface between the two structures.

Another approach for defending against a mono-field is to design thelatch/lock such that it requires a repel force produced by the alignmentof two magnetic field structures in order to function. Moreover, latchesand locks that require movement of parts due to both repel and attractforces would be even more difficult to defeat with a large mono-field.

Exemplary applications of the invention include:

-   -   Position based function control.    -   Gyroscope, Linear motor, Fan motor.    -   Precision measurement, precision timing.    -   Computer numerical control machines.    -   Linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers,        mirror mounts.    -   Cylinders, turbines, engines (no heat allows lightweight        materials).    -   Seals for food storage.    -   Scaffolding.    -   Structural beams, trusses, cross-bracing.    -   Bridge construction materials (trusses).    -   Wall structures (studs, panels, etc.), floors, ceilings, roofs.    -   Magnetic shingles for roofs.    -   Furniture (assembly and positioning).    -   Picture frames, picture hangers.    -   Child safety seats.    -   Seat belts, harnesses, trapping.    -   Wheelchairs, hospital beds.    -   Toys—self assembling toys, puzzles, construction sets (e.g.,        Legos, magnetic logs).    -   Hand tools—cutting, nail driving, drilling, sawing, etc.    -   Precision machine tools—drill press, lathes, mills, machine        press.    -   Robotic movement control.    -   Assembly lines—object movement control, automated parts        assembly.    -   Packaging machinery.    -   Wall hangers—for tools, brooms, ladders, etc.    -   Pressure control systems, Precision hydraulics.    -   Traction devices (e.g., window cleaner that climbs building).    -   Gas/Liquid flow rate control systems, ductwork, ventilation        control systems.    -   Door/window seal, boat/ship/submarine/space craft hatch seal.    -   Hurricane/storm shutters, quick assembly home tornado        shelters/snow window covers/vacant building covers for windows        and doors (e.g., cabins).    -   Gate Latch—outdoor gate (dog proof), Child safety gate latch        (child proof).    -   Clothing buttons, Shoe/boot clasps.    -   Drawer/cabinet door fasteners.    -   Child safety devices—lock mechanisms for appliances, toilets,        etc.    -   Safes, safe prescription drug storage.    -   Quick capture/release commercial fishing nets, crab cages.    -   Energy conversion—wind, falling water, wave movement.    -   Energy scavenging—from wheels, etc.    -   Microphone, speaker.    -   Applications in space (e.g., seals, gripping places for        astronauts to hold/stand).    -   Analog-to-digital (and vice versa) conversion via magnetic field        control.    -   Use of correlation codes to affect circuit characteristics in        silicon chips.    -   Use of correlation codes to effect attributes of nanomachines        (force, torque, rotation, and translations).    -   Ball joints for prosthetic knees, shoulders, hips, ankles,        wrists, etc.    -   Ball joints for robotic arms.    -   Robots that move along correlated magnetic field tracks.    -   Correlated gloves, shoes.    -   Correlated robotic “hands” (all sorts of mechanisms used to        move, place, lift, direct, etc. objects could use invention).    -   Communications/symbology.    -   Snow skis/skateboards/cycling shoes/ski board/water ski/boots    -   Keys, locking mechanisms.    -   Cargo containers (how they are made and how they are moved).    -   Credit, debit, and ATM cards.    -   Magnetic data storage, floppy disks, hard drives, CDs, DVDs.    -   Scanners, printers, plotters.    -   Televisions and computer monitors.    -   Electric motors, generators, transformers.    -   Chucks, fastening devices, clamps.    -   Secure Identification Tags.    -   Door hinges.    -   Jewelry, watches.    -   Vehicle braking systems.    -   Maglev trains and other vehicles.    -   Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance        Spectroscopy.    -   Bearings (wheels), axles.    -   Particle accelerators.    -   Mounts between a measurement device and a subject (xyz        controller and a magnetic probe)/mounts for tribrachs and        associated devices (e.g., survey instruments, cameras,        telescopes, detachable sensors, TV cameras, antennas, etc.)    -   Mounts for lighting, sound systems, props, walls, objects,        etc.—e.g., for a movie set, plays, concerts, etc. whereby        objects are aligned once, detached, and reattached where they        have prior alignment.    -   Equipment used in crime scene investigation having standardized        look angles, lighting, etc.—enables reproducibility,        authentication, etc. for evidentiary purposes.    -   Detachable nozzles such as paint gun nozzle, cake frosting        nozzle, welding heads, plasma cutters, acetylene cutters, laser        cutters, and the like where rapid removable/replacement having        desired alignment provides for time savings.    -   Lamp shades attachment device including decorative figurines        having correlated magnets on bottom that would hold lamp shade        in place as well as the decoration.    -   Tow chain/rope.    -   Parachute harness.    -   Web belt for soldiers, handyman, maintenance, telephone        repairman, scuba divers, etc.    -   Attachment for extremely sharp objects moving at high rate of        speed to include lawnmower blades, edgers, propellers for boats,        fans, propellers for aircraft, table saw blades, circular saw        blades, etc.    -   Seal for body part transfer system, blood transfer, etc.    -   Light globes, jars, wood, plastic, ceramic, glass or metal        containers.    -   Bottle seal for wine bottle, carbonated drinks etc. allowing one        to reseal a bottle to include putting a vacuum or a pressure on        the liquid.    -   Seals for cooking instruments.    -   Musical instruments.    -   Attach points for objects in cars, for beer cans, GPS device,        phone, etc.    -   Restraint devices, hand cuffs, leg cuffs.    -   Leashes, collars for animals.    -   Elevator, escalators.    -   Large storage containers used on railroads, ships, planes.    -   Floor mat clasps.    -   Luggage rack/bicycle rack/canoe rack/cargo rack.    -   Trailer hitch cargo rack for bicycles, wheelchairs.    -   Trailer hitch.    -   Trailer with easily deployable ramp/lockable ramp for cargo        trailers, car haulers, etc.    -   Devices for holding lawnmowers, other equipment on trailers.    -   18 wheeler applications for speeding up cargo handling for        transport.    -   Attachment device for battery compartment covers.    -   Connectors for attachment of ear buds to iPod or iPhone.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, itwill be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto,since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art,particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A field emission system, comprising: afirst field emission structure, said first field emission structurecomprising a first array of field emission sources having positions andpolarities in accordance with a spatial force function, said first arrayof field emission sources being configured such that only one of saidfield emission sources is positioned in any one row of said first arrayof field emission sources and only one of said field emission sources ispositioned in any one column of said first array of field emissionsources; and a second field emission structure, said second fieldemission structure comprising a second array of field emission sourceshaving positions and polarities in accordance with said spatial forcefunction, said second array of field emission sources being configuredsuch that only one of said field emission sources is positioned in anyone row of said second array of field emission sources and only one ofsaid field emission sources is positioned in any one column of saidsecond array of field emission sources, said spatial force functioncorresponding to a code modulo defined by a code, said code modulohaving a peak spatial force and a plurality of off peak spatial forces,said plurality of off peak spatial forces having a largest off peakspatial force, said largest off peak spatial force being less than halfof the peak spatial force.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein saidpositions of said first array of field emission sources are inaccordance with a first code.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein saidfirst code corresponds to a Costas array.
 4. The system of claim 3,wherein said Costas array corresponds to one of a Welch-Costas array oran array generated using the Lempel-Golomb technique.
 5. The system ofclaim 2, wherein said Costas array is flipped vertically.
 6. The systemof claim 2, wherein said Costas array is flipped horizontally.
 7. Thesystem of claim 2, wherein rows and columns of said Costas array aretransposed.
 8. The system of claim 2, wherein said positions of saidsecond array of field emission sources are in accordance with said firstcode.
 9. The system of claim 2, wherein said polarities of said firstarray of field emission sources are in accordance with a second code.10. The system of claim 9, where said second code is one of a Barkercode, a Gold code, a Kasami sequence, a hyperbolic congruential code, aquadratic congruential code, a linear congruential code, a pseudorandomcode, or a chaotic code.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein saidpolarities of said first array of field emission sources are the same.12. The system of claim 1, wherein said polarities of said second arrayof field emission sources are the same as said polarities of said firstarray of field emission sources.
 13. The system of claim 1, wherein atleast some of said polarities of said second array of field emissionsources are different than said polarities of said first array of fieldemission sources.
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein said first fieldemission structure is complementary to said second field emissionstructure.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said firstfield emission structure or said second field emission structurecomprises a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, an electret, amagnetized ferromagnetic material, a portion of a magnetizedferromagnetic material, a soft magnetic material, or a superconductivemagnetic material.
 16. The system of claim 1, wherein said spatial forcefunction comprises a peak attractive force.
 17. The system of claim 1,wherein said spatial force function comprises a peak repellant force.18. A field emission system, comprising: a first field emissionstructure having columns and rows, said first field emission structurehaving a first plurality of field emission sources positioned such thateach row of said first field emission structure includes only one ofsaid first plurality of field emission sources and each column of saidfirst field emission structure includes only one of said first pluralityof field emission sources; and a second field emission structure havingcolumns and rows, said second field emission structure having a secondplurality of field emission sources positioned such that each row ofsaid second field emission structure includes only one of said secondplurality of field emission sources and each column of said second fieldemission structure includes only one of said second plurality of fieldemission sources, said first plurality of field emission sources andsecond plurality of field emission sources having positions andpolarities in accordance with a spatial force function, said spatialforce function corresponding to a code modulo defined by a code, saidcode modulo having a peak spatial force and a plurality of off peakspatial forces, said plurality of off peak spatial forces having alargest off peak spatial force, said largest off peak spatial forcebeing less than half of the peak spatial force.
 19. The system of claim18, wherein said positions of said first plurality of field emissionsources and said positions of said second plurality of field emissionsources are in accordance with a Costas array.
 20. The system of claim18, wherein said at least one of said polarities of said first pluralityof field emission sources and said polarities of said second pluralityof field emission sources or said positions of said first plurality offield emission sources and said positions of said second plurality offield emission sources are in accordance with at least one of a Barkercode, a Gold code, a Kasami sequence, a hyperbolic congruential code, aquadratic congruential code, a linear congruential code, a pseudorandomcode, or a chaotic code.